Functional anatomy of non-REM sleep

The state of non-REM sleep (NREM), or slow wave sleep, is associated with a synchronized EEG pattern in which sleep spindles and/or K complexes and high-voltage slow wave activity (SWA) can be recorded over the entire cortical surface. In humans, NREM is subdivided into stages 2 and 3–4 (presently named N3) depending on the proportions of each of these polygraphic events. NREM is necessary for normal physical and intellectual performance and behavior. An overview of the brain structures involved in NREM generation shows that the thalamus and the cerebral cortex are absolutely necessary for the most significant bioelectric and behavioral events of NREM to be expressed; other structures like the basal forebrain, anterior hypothalamus, cerebellum, caudal brain stem, spinal cord and peripheral nerves contribute to NREM regulation and modulation. In NREM stage 2, sustained hyperpolarized membrane potential levels resulting from interaction between thalamic reticular and projection neurons gives rise to spindle oscillations in the membrane potential; the initiation and termination of individual spindle sequences depends on corticothalamic activities. Cortical and thalamic mechanisms are also involved in the generation of EEG delta SWA that appears in deep stage 3–4 (N3) NREM; the cortex has classically been considered to be the structure that generates this activity, but delta oscillations can also be generated in thalamocortical neurons. NREM is probably necessary to normalize synapses to a sustainable basal condition that can ensure cellular homeostasis. Sleep homeostasis depends not only on the duration of prior wakefulness but also on its intensity, and sleep need increases when wakefulness is associated with learning. NREM seems to ensure cell homeostasis by reducing the number of synaptic connections to a basic level; based on simple energy demands, cerebral energy economizing during NREM sleep is one of the prevalent hypotheses to explain NREM homeostasis.Grant BFU2009-06991/BFI from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation supported this wor

Mis clases de Derecho Comparado y el Derecho Comparado en mis clases

La utilización del Derecho comparado como método de estudio del Derecho Administrativo, no es sólo la citación de autores o referencias bibliográficas foráneas sino que presta toda su utilidad para facilitar la evolución del derecho positivo, muestra las razones históricas y teóricas que soportan muchas instituciones administrativas, permite proveer soluciones novedosas a problemas antiguos o recién planteados y genera una comprensión de la lógica y principios de los diferentes sistemas jurídicos.The use of comparative law as a study method in Administrative Law cannot consist only of mere reference or bibliographic citations of foreign authors. On the contrary, such a method has a great potential: it contributes to the evolution of positive law, explains different institutions from a historical and theoretical point of view, provides innovative solutions to old and traditional problems and allows the comprehension of principles and rules from different legal orders

Trematodes from turtles of Uruguay, VI. Iagotrema uruguayensis n. gen, n. sp., Monogenea, Monopisthocotylea from the urinary bladder of Hydromedusa tectifera (Cope)

Translated from: 1962 Communicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, no. 98, vol. VII, 7 pp. Reinaldo Morales-Alamo, translator; William J. Hargis, Jr., editor

Repercussions in the Landscape of Colombian Amazonas (Caquetá and Putumayo Region) Caused by Deforestation and Illicit Crops During the Internal Armed Conflict; a Review

Colombia has lived in the last sixty years trapped between the claws of an internal conflict with special characteristics, which have led to serious consequences on its development and very high-cost of human lives. However, these consequences are not limited to economic and social fields only; it has also resulted in several effects on the environment as well as notorious changes in the landscape, especially in the country boundaries and more neglected zones as the Amazonas region. The Amazon rainforest, the largest in the world in terms of size and diversity, is recognized as a source of ecological services for both local and worldwide communities. Ten percent of its territory belongs to Colombia, covering approximately 35% of the country\u27s total area. In spite of global efforts, it continues to be vulnerable to deforestation pressures changing the land use and consequently, the landscape. In the Amazonian departments of Caquetá and Putumayo, human activities such as logging and illicit crops are the main causes of deforestation, which is increasing the department\u27s vulnerability to climate change and natural hazards, especially in the foothills between the Amazonas and Andes region, that works as a greenway (transition zone) linking these two important ecosystems, one of the most biodiverse regions in the world. This paper seeks to collect data from several sources in order to give an integral and general approach based on mixed methods. It also involves an analysis of drivers including the internal armed conflict in the forest cover and the landscape in the last 16 years. The methodology used in the review paper comprised comparing and crossing data of the conflict, deforestation and illicit crops, private and public sources as United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), The Monitoring Project of the Andean Amazon (MAAP), The “Peace and Reconciliation Foundation”, “Dejusticia Study Centre” and The Alexander von Humboldt Institute. In addition, using remote sensing and GFW data generating indicators of degradation and affectation in the Land Use and Land Cover. Nowadays after the agreement with the “FARC” guerrilla in 2016, the discussion focus with the threat that post-conflict could have on the development of potentialities of affected areas. The government is now focusing on decreasing the number of Illicit Crops and increasing the reforestation and therefore recovering the original landscape. Thus, the end of the armed conflict results in opportunities to repair the environmental damage and the possibility of a rethink about the development of the country

Environmental Armed Conflict Assessment Using Satellite Imagery

Armed conflicts not only affect human populations but can also cause considerable damage to the environment. Its consequences are as diverse as its causes, including; water pollution from oil spills, land degradation due to the destruction of infrastructure, poisoning of soils and fields, destruction of crops and forests, over-exploitation of natural resources and paradoxically and occasionally reforestation. In this way, the environment in the war can be approached as beneficiary, stage, victim or/and spoil of war. Although there are few papers that assess the use of remote sensing methods in areas affected by warfare, we found a gap in these studies, being both outdated and lacking the correlation of remote sensing analysis with the causes-consequences, biome features and scale. Thus, this paper presents a methodical approach focused on the assessment of the existing datasets and the analysis of the connection between geographical conditions (biomes), drivers and the assessment using remote sensing methods in areas affected by armed conflicts. We aimed to find; weaknesses, tendencies, patterns, points of convergence and divergence. Then we consider variables such as biome, forest cover affectation, scale, and satellite imagery sensors to determine the relationship between warfare drivers with geographical location assessed by remote sensing methods. We collected data from 44 studies from international peer-reviewed journals from 1998 to 2019 that are indexed using scientific search engines. We found that 62% of the studies were focused on the analysis of torrid biomes as; Tropical Rainforest, Monsoon Forest / Dry Forest, Tree Savanna and Grass Savanna, using the 64% Moderate-resolution satellite imagery sensors as; Landsat 4-5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+. Quantitative analysis of the trends identified within these areas contributes to an understanding of the reasons behind these conflicts

Valoración financiera de Supermercados EURO

El crecimiento de tiendas especializadas en la comercialización masiva de productos al por menor o al detalle, ha generado una alta competencia entre los diferentes supermercados, donde cada uno busca diferenciarse por nicho de clientes, formatos, servicios y productos -- En esta competencia se encuentra Supermercados EURO, con la propuesta de valor de ahorro efectivo, sustentados en excelente servicio, frescura, abundancia y calidad -- Este trabajo realiza una valoración financiera de Supermercados EURO, por medio del flujo de caja descontado, donde se incluyeron para las proyecciones las estrategias de crecimiento por puntos de venta proyectados desde la gerencia, servicios a domicilios, formato de alto nivel, buen servicio, tarjeta euro, entre otra

Aplicación de sistemas de visión por computador (VIR/NIR) para la inspección visual de uchuvas

Desarrollo de un prototipo de un sistema de inspección visual de uchuvas en el CTAI de la Pontifícia Universidad Javeriana a través de la aplicación de sistemas de visión por computador (VIR/NIR).Ingeniero (a) IndustrialPregrad

Instalación, conexión y programación de tarjeta de control Powercommand en grupo electrógeno 1200 kw del ingenio Risaralda

Para el proceso productivo del Ingenio Risaralda S.A es de suma importancia que el suministro de energía sea constante, por eso se cuenta con tres turbo generadores con capacidad de generar la energía que la fábrica necesita; cuando en estos equipos se presentan fallas se tiene como plan de acción la compra de energía a un ente externo que, por lo general, es suministrado por la Central Hidroeléctrica de Caldas, CHEC. Sin embargo, en ocasiones la empresa no cuenta con ninguna de las opciones antes mencionadas, por lo cual optó por tener un grupo electrógeno, con capacidad de generar hasta 1200 KW, para cubrir los circuitos más importantes de la fábrica, permitiendo la generación de vapor para arrancar los turbogeneradores y estabilizar nuevamente la energía en sus instalaciones

H. D.: semblanza y recuerdos de un alumno

Esta exposición se plantea como una reflexión sobre H. D., quien durante más de medio siglo fue la principal referencia para la enseñanza de la historia nacional, desde la perspectiva testimonial de quien fue su discípulo. El autor resume los  principales datos biográficos del hermano Damasceno, repasa los numerosos libros que este publicó a lo largo de su vida, defiende su obra de algunas acusaciones habituales y lo reivindica como pedagogo entusiasta y verdadero historiador