21 research outputs found

    Herbivory on the pedunculate oak along an urbanization gradient in Europe : Effects of impervious surface, local tree cover, and insect feeding guild

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    Urbanization is an important driver of the diversity and abundance of tree-associated insect herbivores, but its consequences for insect herbivory are poorly understood. A likely source of variability among studies is the insufficient consideration of intra-urban variability in forest cover. With the help of citizen scientists, we investigated the independent and interactive effects of local canopy cover and percentage of impervious surface on insect herbivory in the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) throughout most of its geographic range in Europe. We found that the damage caused by chewing insect herbivores as well as the incidence of leaf-mining and gall-inducing herbivores consistently decreased with increasing impervious surface around focal oaks. Herbivory by chewing herbivores increased with increasing forest cover, regardless of impervious surface. In contrast, an increase in local canopy cover buffered the negative effect of impervious surface on leaf miners and strengthened its effect on gall inducers. These results show that-just like in non-urban areas-plant-herbivore interactions in cities are structured by a complex set of interacting factors. This highlights that local habitat characteristics within cities have the potential to attenuate or modify the effect of impervious surfaces on biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

    Tree biodiversity and forest resistance to biological invasions : application on chestnut and its exotic pest complex, chestnut blight (Cryponectria parasitica) and Asian chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus Kuriphilus)

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    Les plantes sont au centre d’une grande diversitĂ© d’interactions biotiques entre organismes plus ou moins proches qui les exploitent en tant que ressources. L’objectif de cette thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© de comprendre comment les infections fongiques de la plante et la diversitĂ© des arbres en forĂȘt modifient les interactions arbres-insectes. Nous avons tout d’abord effectuĂ© une mĂ©ta-analyse pour poser le cadre thĂ©orique des effets indirects des infections fongiques sur les insectes herbivores associĂ©s aux mĂȘmes plantes hĂŽtes. L'effet de l’infection prĂ©alable des plantes par les champignons sur les prĂ©fĂ©rences et performances des insectes s’avĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ralement nĂ©gatif. Cependant, la magnitude de cet effet dĂ©lĂ©tĂšre varie selon le mode de vie du champignon, la guilde trophique de l’insecte et la spatialitĂ© des interactions (interactions locales vs distantes). Nous avons ensuite analysĂ© de façon empirique les interactions tripartites entre le chĂątaignier europĂ©en (Castanea sativa) et deux de ses bioagresseurs exotiques: le cynips (Dryocosmus kuriphilus), insecte galligĂšne, et Cryphonectria parasitica, champignon pathogĂšne responsable de la maladie du chancre. L'effet sur les taux d’infestation par le cynips de la composition spĂ©cifique en essences forestiĂšres des forĂȘts de chĂątaigniers atteintes de chancre a Ă©tĂ© Ă©galement Ă©tudiĂ©. Afin d'identifier les mĂ©canismes sous-jacents aux effets de la diversitĂ© des forĂȘts sur cet insecte invasif, les communautĂ©s d'insectes parasitoĂŻdes et de champignons endophytes prĂ©sents dans les galles ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crites. Les taux d’infection par le cynips Ă©taient plus faibles dans les mĂ©langes de chĂątaignier avec du chĂȘne et du frĂȘne que dans des parcelles de chĂątaignier monospĂ©cifiques ou dans les mĂ©langes avec du pin. La composition des forĂȘts influence aussi la composition des communautĂ©s de parasitoĂŻdes associĂ©s aux galles du cynips mais pas leur abondance, richesse ou diversitĂ©. Les communautĂ©s de champignons endophytes des galles, Ă©tudiĂ©es par des mĂ©thodes de sĂ©quençage de nouvelle gĂ©nĂ©ration, sont indĂ©pendantes de la composition forestiĂšre. Par contre, celles prĂ©sentes dans les galles diffĂ©rent fortement de celles des tissus foliaires adjacents. Nous avons ainsi apportĂ© de nouvelles preuves que la diversitĂ© des plantes et les champignons pathogĂšnes sont des facteurs clĂ©s dĂ©terminant les interactions plantes-insectes. Etudier comment les plantes interagissent avec leurs insectes et champignons associĂ©s, et les mĂ©canismes sous-jacents Ă  l’effet de la diversitĂ© des plantes sur ces interactions, doit permettre de mieux comprendre les relations entre diversitĂ© et fonctionnement des Ă©cosystĂšmes et de proposer des applications pour la gestion des bio-agresseurs forestiers natifs et exotiques.Plants are the playground of a large diversity of biotic interactions between related and unrelated organisms exploiting them as common resources. The aim of this thesis was to understand how plant-insect interactions vary with fungal infection of their host plant and plant diversity. I first performed a meta-analysis to provide a theoretical background for plant-mediated effects of fungal infection on herbivorous insects. Overall, I found a negative plant-mediated effect of fungi on both insect preference and performance. However, this effect varied according to fungus lifestyle, insect feeding guild and spatial location of the interactions (local vs distant). Then I experimentally tested plant-fungus-insect tripartite interactions in the particular case of exotic bio-aggressors of the European chestnut (Castanea sativa): the Asian chestnut Gall Wasp (ACGW, Dryocosmus kuriphilus), and the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight. I performed an observational study, in natural chestnut forest stands in Italy, where I tested how ACGW infestation rates vary with the tree species composition. I also investigated the mechanisms underlying plant diversity effects on the invasive pest, with a particular focus on its natural enemies such as insect parasitoids and endophytic fungi. ACGW infestation rates was lower in oak and ash chestnut mixtures compared to monocultures or pine-chestnut mixtures. Plot composition also influenced ACGW parasitoid community composition but not their abundances, diversity or richness. Endophytic communities of galls, described by using next generation sequencing methods, did not vary with plot composition. However, they strongly differed from surrounding leaf tissues. We thus provided evidence that plant diversity and fungal pathogens are key drivers of plant-insect interactions. Understanding how plants interact with associated insects and fungi, and mechanisms underlying plant diversity effect on these interactions, will improve our knowledge on diversity-ecosystem functioning relationships and will have practical applications for the management of native and exotic forest pests

    Tree biodiversity and forest resistance to biological invasions : application on chestnut and its exotic pest complex, chestnut blight (Cryponectria parasitica) and Asian chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus Kuriphilus)

    No full text
    Les plantes sont au centre d’une grande diversitĂ© d’interactions biotiques entre organismes plus ou moins proches qui les exploitent en tant que ressources. L’objectif de cette thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© de comprendre comment les infections fongiques de la plante et la diversitĂ© des arbres en forĂȘt modifient les interactions arbres-insectes. Nous avons tout d’abord effectuĂ© une mĂ©ta-analyse pour poser le cadre thĂ©orique des effets indirects des infections fongiques sur les insectes herbivores associĂ©s aux mĂȘmes plantes hĂŽtes. L'effet de l’infection prĂ©alable des plantes par les champignons sur les prĂ©fĂ©rences et performances des insectes s’avĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ralement nĂ©gatif. Cependant, la magnitude de cet effet dĂ©lĂ©tĂšre varie selon le mode de vie du champignon, la guilde trophique de l’insecte et la spatialitĂ© des interactions (interactions locales vs distantes). Nous avons ensuite analysĂ© de façon empirique les interactions tripartites entre le chĂątaignier europĂ©en (Castanea sativa) et deux de ses bioagresseurs exotiques: le cynips (Dryocosmus kuriphilus), insecte galligĂšne, et Cryphonectria parasitica, champignon pathogĂšne responsable de la maladie du chancre. L'effet sur les taux d’infestation par le cynips de la composition spĂ©cifique en essences forestiĂšres des forĂȘts de chĂątaigniers atteintes de chancre a Ă©tĂ© Ă©galement Ă©tudiĂ©. Afin d'identifier les mĂ©canismes sous-jacents aux effets de la diversitĂ© des forĂȘts sur cet insecte invasif, les communautĂ©s d'insectes parasitoĂŻdes et de champignons endophytes prĂ©sents dans les galles ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crites. Les taux d’infection par le cynips Ă©taient plus faibles dans les mĂ©langes de chĂątaignier avec du chĂȘne et du frĂȘne que dans des parcelles de chĂątaignier monospĂ©cifiques ou dans les mĂ©langes avec du pin. La composition des forĂȘts influence aussi la composition des communautĂ©s de parasitoĂŻdes associĂ©s aux galles du cynips mais pas leur abondance, richesse ou diversitĂ©. Les communautĂ©s de champignons endophytes des galles, Ă©tudiĂ©es par des mĂ©thodes de sĂ©quençage de nouvelle gĂ©nĂ©ration, sont indĂ©pendantes de la composition forestiĂšre. Par contre, celles prĂ©sentes dans les galles diffĂ©rent fortement de celles des tissus foliaires adjacents. Nous avons ainsi apportĂ© de nouvelles preuves que la diversitĂ© des plantes et les champignons pathogĂšnes sont des facteurs clĂ©s dĂ©terminant les interactions plantes-insectes. Etudier comment les plantes interagissent avec leurs insectes et champignons associĂ©s, et les mĂ©canismes sous-jacents Ă  l’effet de la diversitĂ© des plantes sur ces interactions, doit permettre de mieux comprendre les relations entre diversitĂ© et fonctionnement des Ă©cosystĂšmes et de proposer des applications pour la gestion des bio-agresseurs forestiers natifs et exotiques.Plants are the playground of a large diversity of biotic interactions between related and unrelated organisms exploiting them as common resources. The aim of this thesis was to understand how plant-insect interactions vary with fungal infection of their host plant and plant diversity. I first performed a meta-analysis to provide a theoretical background for plant-mediated effects of fungal infection on herbivorous insects. Overall, I found a negative plant-mediated effect of fungi on both insect preference and performance. However, this effect varied according to fungus lifestyle, insect feeding guild and spatial location of the interactions (local vs distant). Then I experimentally tested plant-fungus-insect tripartite interactions in the particular case of exotic bio-aggressors of the European chestnut (Castanea sativa): the Asian chestnut Gall Wasp (ACGW, Dryocosmus kuriphilus), and the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight. I performed an observational study, in natural chestnut forest stands in Italy, where I tested how ACGW infestation rates vary with the tree species composition. I also investigated the mechanisms underlying plant diversity effects on the invasive pest, with a particular focus on its natural enemies such as insect parasitoids and endophytic fungi. ACGW infestation rates was lower in oak and ash chestnut mixtures compared to monocultures or pine-chestnut mixtures. Plot composition also influenced ACGW parasitoid community composition but not their abundances, diversity or richness. Endophytic communities of galls, described by using next generation sequencing methods, did not vary with plot composition. However, they strongly differed from surrounding leaf tissues. We thus provided evidence that plant diversity and fungal pathogens are key drivers of plant-insect interactions. Understanding how plants interact with associated insects and fungi, and mechanisms underlying plant diversity effect on these interactions, will improve our knowledge on diversity-ecosystem functioning relationships and will have practical applications for the management of native and exotic forest pests

    DiversitĂ© des arbres et rĂ©sistance des forĂȘts aux invasions biologiques : application au chataignier et son complexe de bioagresseurs exotiques, chancre (Cryphonectria parasitica) et cynips (Dryocosmus Kuriphilus)

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    Plants are the playground of a large diversity of biotic interactions between related and unrelated organisms exploiting them as common resources. The aim of this thesis was to understand how plant-insect interactions vary with fungal infection of their host plant and plant diversity. I first performed a meta-analysis to provide a theoretical background for plant-mediated effects of fungal infection on herbivorous insects. Overall, I found a negative plant-mediated effect of fungi on both insect preference and performance. However, this effect varied according to fungus lifestyle, insect feeding guild and spatial location of the interactions (local vs distant). Then I experimentally tested plant-fungus-insect tripartite interactions in the particular case of exotic bio-aggressors of the European chestnut (Castanea sativa): the Asian chestnut Gall Wasp (ACGW, Dryocosmus kuriphilus), and the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight. I performed an observational study, in natural chestnut forest stands in Italy, where I tested how ACGW infestation rates vary with the tree species composition. I also investigated the mechanisms underlying plant diversity effects on the invasive pest, with a particular focus on its natural enemies such as insect parasitoids and endophytic fungi. ACGW infestation rates was lower in oak and ash chestnut mixtures compared to monocultures or pine-chestnut mixtures. Plot composition also influenced ACGW parasitoid community composition but not their abundances, diversity or richness. Endophytic communities of galls, described by using next generation sequencing methods, did not vary with plot composition. However, they strongly differed from surrounding leaf tissues. We thus provided evidence that plant diversity and fungal pathogens are key drivers of plant-insect interactions. Understanding how plants interact with associated insects and fungi, and mechanisms underlying plant diversity effect on these interactions, will improve our knowledge on diversity-ecosystem functioning relationships and will have practical applications for the management of native and exotic forest pests.Les plantes sont au centre d’une grande diversitĂ© d’interactions biotiques entre organismes plus ou moins proches qui les exploitent en tant que ressources. L’objectif de cette thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© de comprendre comment les infections fongiques de la plante et la diversitĂ© des arbres en forĂȘt modifient les interactions arbres-insectes. Nous avons tout d’abord effectuĂ© une mĂ©ta-analyse pour poser le cadre thĂ©orique des effets indirects des infections fongiques sur les insectes herbivores associĂ©s aux mĂȘmes plantes hĂŽtes. L'effet de l’infection prĂ©alable des plantes par les champignons sur les prĂ©fĂ©rences et performances des insectes s’avĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ralement nĂ©gatif. Cependant, la magnitude de cet effet dĂ©lĂ©tĂšre varie selon le mode de vie du champignon, la guilde trophique de l’insecte et la spatialitĂ© des interactions (interactions locales vs distantes). Nous avons ensuite analysĂ© de façon empirique les interactions tripartites entre le chĂątaignier europĂ©en (Castanea sativa) et deux de ses bioagresseurs exotiques: le cynips (Dryocosmus kuriphilus), insecte galligĂšne, et Cryphonectria parasitica, champignon pathogĂšne responsable de la maladie du chancre. L'effet sur les taux d’infestation par le cynips de la composition spĂ©cifique en essences forestiĂšres des forĂȘts de chĂątaigniers atteintes de chancre a Ă©tĂ© Ă©galement Ă©tudiĂ©. Afin d'identifier les mĂ©canismes sous-jacents aux effets de la diversitĂ© des forĂȘts sur cet insecte invasif, les communautĂ©s d'insectes parasitoĂŻdes et de champignons endophytes prĂ©sents dans les galles ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crites. Les taux d’infection par le cynips Ă©taient plus faibles dans les mĂ©langes de chĂątaignier avec du chĂȘne et du frĂȘne que dans des parcelles de chĂątaignier monospĂ©cifiques ou dans les mĂ©langes avec du pin. La composition des forĂȘts influence aussi la composition des communautĂ©s de parasitoĂŻdes associĂ©s aux galles du cynips mais pas leur abondance, richesse ou diversitĂ©. Les communautĂ©s de champignons endophytes des galles, Ă©tudiĂ©es par des mĂ©thodes de sĂ©quençage de nouvelle gĂ©nĂ©ration, sont indĂ©pendantes de la composition forestiĂšre. Par contre, celles prĂ©sentes dans les galles diffĂ©rent fortement de celles des tissus foliaires adjacents. Nous avons ainsi apportĂ© de nouvelles preuves que la diversitĂ© des plantes et les champignons pathogĂšnes sont des facteurs clĂ©s dĂ©terminant les interactions plantes-insectes. Etudier comment les plantes interagissent avec leurs insectes et champignons associĂ©s, et les mĂ©canismes sous-jacents Ă  l’effet de la diversitĂ© des plantes sur ces interactions, doit permettre de mieux comprendre les relations entre diversitĂ© et fonctionnement des Ă©cosystĂšmes et de proposer des applications pour la gestion des bio-agresseurs forestiers natifs et exotiques

    Tree biodiversity and forest resistance to biological invasions : application on chestnut and its exotic pest complex, chestnut blight (Cryponectria parasitica) and Asian chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus Kuriphilus)

    No full text
    Les plantes sont au centre d’une grande diversitĂ© d’interactions biotiques entre organismes plus ou moins proches qui les exploitent en tant que ressources. L’objectif de cette thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© de comprendre comment les infections fongiques de la plante et la diversitĂ© des arbres en forĂȘt modifient les interactions arbres-insectes. Nous avons tout d’abord effectuĂ© une mĂ©ta-analyse pour poser le cadre thĂ©orique des effets indirects des infections fongiques sur les insectes herbivores associĂ©s aux mĂȘmes plantes hĂŽtes. L'effet de l’infection prĂ©alable des plantes par les champignons sur les prĂ©fĂ©rences et performances des insectes s’avĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ralement nĂ©gatif. Cependant, la magnitude de cet effet dĂ©lĂ©tĂšre varie selon le mode de vie du champignon, la guilde trophique de l’insecte et la spatialitĂ© des interactions (interactions locales vs distantes). Nous avons ensuite analysĂ© de façon empirique les interactions tripartites entre le chĂątaignier europĂ©en (Castanea sativa) et deux de ses bioagresseurs exotiques: le cynips (Dryocosmus kuriphilus), insecte galligĂšne, et Cryphonectria parasitica, champignon pathogĂšne responsable de la maladie du chancre. L'effet sur les taux d’infestation par le cynips de la composition spĂ©cifique en essences forestiĂšres des forĂȘts de chĂątaigniers atteintes de chancre a Ă©tĂ© Ă©galement Ă©tudiĂ©. Afin d'identifier les mĂ©canismes sous-jacents aux effets de la diversitĂ© des forĂȘts sur cet insecte invasif, les communautĂ©s d'insectes parasitoĂŻdes et de champignons endophytes prĂ©sents dans les galles ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crites. Les taux d’infection par le cynips Ă©taient plus faibles dans les mĂ©langes de chĂątaignier avec du chĂȘne et du frĂȘne que dans des parcelles de chĂątaignier monospĂ©cifiques ou dans les mĂ©langes avec du pin. La composition des forĂȘts influence aussi la composition des communautĂ©s de parasitoĂŻdes associĂ©s aux galles du cynips mais pas leur abondance, richesse ou diversitĂ©. Les communautĂ©s de champignons endophytes des galles, Ă©tudiĂ©es par des mĂ©thodes de sĂ©quençage de nouvelle gĂ©nĂ©ration, sont indĂ©pendantes de la composition forestiĂšre. Par contre, celles prĂ©sentes dans les galles diffĂ©rent fortement de celles des tissus foliaires adjacents. Nous avons ainsi apportĂ© de nouvelles preuves que la diversitĂ© des plantes et les champignons pathogĂšnes sont des facteurs clĂ©s dĂ©terminant les interactions plantes-insectes. Etudier comment les plantes interagissent avec leurs insectes et champignons associĂ©s, et les mĂ©canismes sous-jacents Ă  l’effet de la diversitĂ© des plantes sur ces interactions, doit permettre de mieux comprendre les relations entre diversitĂ© et fonctionnement des Ă©cosystĂšmes et de proposer des applications pour la gestion des bio-agresseurs forestiers natifs et exotiques.Plants are the playground of a large diversity of biotic interactions between related and unrelated organisms exploiting them as common resources. The aim of this thesis was to understand how plant-insect interactions vary with fungal infection of their host plant and plant diversity. I first performed a meta-analysis to provide a theoretical background for plant-mediated effects of fungal infection on herbivorous insects. Overall, I found a negative plant-mediated effect of fungi on both insect preference and performance. However, this effect varied according to fungus lifestyle, insect feeding guild and spatial location of the interactions (local vs distant). Then I experimentally tested plant-fungus-insect tripartite interactions in the particular case of exotic bio-aggressors of the European chestnut (Castanea sativa): the Asian chestnut Gall Wasp (ACGW, Dryocosmus kuriphilus), and the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight. I performed an observational study, in natural chestnut forest stands in Italy, where I tested how ACGW infestation rates vary with the tree species composition. I also investigated the mechanisms underlying plant diversity effects on the invasive pest, with a particular focus on its natural enemies such as insect parasitoids and endophytic fungi. ACGW infestation rates was lower in oak and ash chestnut mixtures compared to monocultures or pine-chestnut mixtures. Plot composition also influenced ACGW parasitoid community composition but not their abundances, diversity or richness. Endophytic communities of galls, described by using next generation sequencing methods, did not vary with plot composition. However, they strongly differed from surrounding leaf tissues. We thus provided evidence that plant diversity and fungal pathogens are key drivers of plant-insect interactions. Understanding how plants interact with associated insects and fungi, and mechanisms underlying plant diversity effect on these interactions, will improve our knowledge on diversity-ecosystem functioning relationships and will have practical applications for the management of native and exotic forest pests

    The effect of community-wide phytochemical diversity on herbivory reverses from low to high elevation

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    1. Theory predicts that a large fraction of phytochemical diversity—the richness of individual chemical compounds produced by plants—governs the complexity of interactions between plants and their herbivores. While the effect of specific classes of chemical compounds on plant resistance against herbivores has been largely documented, the effect of community-level variation in phytochemical diversity on plant–herbivore interactions has so far received minimal consideration. 2. We hypothesized that plant communities bearing on average higher levels of phytochemical diversity should sustain lower herbivory rates, overall. Yet, the magnitude of this effect could vary across different environmental conditions, potentially because of climate-mediated effects on phytochemical production and changes in herbivore community richness and composition. 3. To address these hypotheses, we used previous knowledge of species-level phytochemical make-up for more than 400 plant species of the Swiss Alps. Using common garden experiments, we estimated season-wide herbivore damage on low (average 3,500 unique molecules) and high (average 4,500 unique molecules) phytochemical diversity plant communities that were planted in the colline, mountain and alpine vegetation sites along two elevation transects in the Alps. 4. We found that high phytochemical diversity plant communities showed reduced levels of herbivore damage in the colline (low elevation) sites, but this pattern reversed in the alpine (high elevation) sites. Our results suggest that the outcome of phytochemical diversity on plant–herbivore interactions depends on the characteristics of the local herbivore communities, together with trade-offs between chemical defences and other plant traits (i.e. physical defences and plant palatability). 5. Synthesis. Phytochemical diversity is a key component of functional diversity, influencing community composition and dynamics. We show that the effect of phytochemical diversity on herbivory is environmental-dependent, generating ecological switches when moving from low to high elevation. Through upward movement of plants under climate change, phytochemical community structure will be likely modified, ultimately disrupting local community assembly processes.ISSN:0022-047
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