Between Law and Justice: An Approximation to Castilian Jurisdictional Culture During the Sixteenth Century through the Experience of the House of Trade (Casa de la Contratación) in Seville and the Council of the Indies (Consejo de Indias)

¿Qué motivó a la sociedad castellana a pleitear en los tribunales reales a pesar de los defectos que agobiaban al sistema judicial hispánico? Se responderá a esta cuestión a través del método jurisdiccional utilizado por los oidores de la Casa de la Contratación de Sevilla y del Consejo de Indias como su tribunal de apelación para resolver los pleitos que surgían en el contexto de la Carrera de Indias. El estudio se concentra en los pleitos sobre comiso de mercancías, pues ofrecen el laboratorio adecuado para valorar la posición de los magistrados en los litigios en los cuales intervenía, de una parte, el fiscal, representante de los intereses del soberano y, de la otra, los litigantes comunes. Tal coyuntura permitirá determinar cómo los jueces entendían en la práctica su papel de ministros de equidad, una condición que los obligaba a administrar justicia incluso más allá de los intereses del rey.What encouraged Castilian society to bring lawsuits before the royal courts of justice, when they were known to be highly inefficient? The answer is be found in the methods used by the judges of the House of Trade (Casa de la Contratación) in Seville and the Council of the Indies (Consejo de Indias) as its court of appeal to settle disputes arising from the trade routes to the Indies (Carrera de Indias). The study focuses on lawsuits relating to the confiscation of supposedly illegal merchandise coming from the Indies. These lawsuits offer an adequate laboratory to test the attitude of judges in the disputes which involved, on the one hand, the royal prosecutor, who represented and defended the economic interests of the king and, on the other, the common litigants, making it possible to determine how the judges understood their role as ministers of equity, a condition that obliged them to administer justice, sometimes even in detriment to the interests of the king

Análisis del error sistemático en la sustracción

En este artículo presentamos resultados de investigación relacionados con la tipología, naturaleza y evolución de los errores en la sustracción. El objetivo principal de la investigación trata de indagar sobre si en nuestro contexto escolar se producen errores sistemáticos y si disminuyen a lo largo de la escolaridad. Asimismo, comparamos los resultados obtenidos con los aportados por autores de referencia en este campo de investigación. Para ello, efectuamos un análisis sobre 7.140 restas realizadas por niños/as escolarizados en 2º, 3º, 4º, 5º y 6º de Educación Primaria. Los resultados demuestran la existencia de errores sistemáticos y tipología concreta de los mismos, hecho de indudable valor a la hora de programar didácticamente el proceso de enseñanza.In this article, we presented results related to the typology, nature and evolution of the errors in subtraction. The main aim, is to examine if in our school context systematic errors take place and if these decrease throughout schooling. Also, we compared our results with the ones contributed by authors of reference in this field of research. To do so, we carried out an analysis on 7140 subtractions made by children in our educational system. The results demonstrate the existence of systematic errors in our scholastic context, a fact of doubtless value when programming the learning process didactically

Characterisation of the National Network of Silos and Granaries in Castilla y León, Spain: A Case Study

[EN] In 1995, Spain’s National Network of Silos and Granaries was divided into a basic network and a secondary network. Of the total storage units identified, 541 are vertical units or silos forming part of the secondary network. Unlike the silos of the basic network, many of the secondary network silos, which were primarily reception units sited near the areas where the grain was grown, have been repurposed. This article describes a methodology developed to inventory silos based on their general features, construction and technological facilities, and its application to the 123 silos in the secondary network in the Spanish region of Castilla y León. The exercise was conducted in conjunction with a socioeconomic analysis of the communities where the silos are located. All the silos studied are located in the most productive areas and close to farms, have small storage capacities and include all but one silo typology, the transition macro-silo. Some are still used for grain storage, whilst others have been converted into multi-purpose warehouses, gymnasiums, community centres or other specialised facilities. Ideas for silo repurposing implemented in other regions of Spain and other countries might well be applied in Castilla y León. In addition, this methodology has proved useful to identify proposals that are viable in the more highly populated communities.S

Gamma Irradiation of Magnetoresistive Sensors for Planetary Exploration

A limited number of Anisotropic Magnetoresistive (AMR) commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) magnetic sensors of the HMC series by Honeywell, with and without integrated front-end electronics, were irradiated with gamma rays up to a total irradiation dose of 200 krad (Si), following the ESCC Basic Specification No. 22900. Due to the magnetic cleanliness required for these tests a special set-up was designed and successfully employed. Several parameters of the sensors were monitored during testing and the results are reported in this paper. The authors conclude that AMR sensors without front-end electronics seem to be robust against radiation doses of up to 200 krad (Si) with a dose rate of 5 krad (Si)/hour and up to a resolution of tens of nT, but sensors with an integrated front-end seem to be more vulnerable to radiation

Gender, albuminuria and chronic kidney disease progression in treated diabetic kidney disease

Background: Women are reported to have a lower incidence of renal replacement therapy, despite a higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Aim: To analyze diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progression in men and women. Methods: Prospective cohort: n = 261, 35% women, new consecutive nephrology DKD referrals. Results: Women smoked less and better complied with the dietary phosphate and sodium restrictions. Despite a less frequent nephrology referral, women had lower baseline albuminuria. Over a 30 + - 10-month follow-up, albuminuria decreased in women and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) loss was slower than in men. However, the percentage of rapid progressors was similar in both sexes. The best multivariate model predicting rapid progression in men (area under curve (AUC) = 0.92) and women differed. Albuminuria and fractional excretion of phosphate (FEphosphate) were part of the men multivariable model, but not of women. The AUC for the prediction of rapid progression by albuminuria was higher in men than in women, and the albuminuria cut-off points also differed. In women, there was a higher percentage of rapid progressors who had baseline physiological albuminuria. Conclusions: Female DKD differs from male DKD: albuminuria was milder and better responsive to therapy, the loss of eGFR was slower and the predictors of rapid progression differed from men: albuminuria was a better predictor in men than in women. Lifestyle factors may contribute to the differencesThis work and the APC was funded by FIS grant numbers CP14/00133, PI16/02057, PI18/01366, PI19/00588, PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ERA-PerMed-JTC2018 (KIDNEY ATTACK AC18/00064 and PERSTIGAN AC18/00071, National Institute of Health (2R01AI063331), ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Sociedad Española de Nefrología, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM, Miguel Servet MS14/00133 to M.D.S.-N. and A.B.S. and Cátedra Mundipharma UAM. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz Biobank, part of the Spanish Biobanks Platform (PT17/0015/0006)

Reduced Binding of the Endolysin LysTP712 to Lactococcus lactis ΔftsH Contributes to Phage Resistance

Absence of the membrane protease FtsH in Lactococcus lactis hinders release of the bacteriophage TP712. In this work we have analyzed the mechanism responsible for the non-lytic phenotype of L. lactis ΔftsH after phage infection. The lytic cassette of TP712 contains a putative antiholin–pinholin system and a modular endolysin (LysTP712). Inducible expression of the holin gene demonstrated the presence of a dual start motif which is functional in both wildtype and L. lactis ΔftsH cells. Moreover, simulating holin activity with ionophores accelerated lysis of wildtype cells but not L. lactis ΔftsH cells, suggesting inhibition of the endolysin rather than a role of FtsH in holin activation. However, zymograms revealed the synthesis of an active endolysin in both wildtype and L. lactis ΔftsH TP712 lysogens. A reporter protein was generated by fusing the cell wall binding domain of LysTP712 to the fluorescent mCherry protein. Binding of this reporter protein took place at the septa of both wildtype and L. lactis ΔftsH cells as shown by fluorescence microscopy. Nonetheless, fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated that mutant cells bound 40% less protein. In conclusion, the non-lytic phenotype of L. lactis ΔftsH is not due to direct action of the FtsH protease on the phage lytic proteins but rather to a putative function of FtsH in modulating the architecture of the L. lactis cell envelope that results in a lower affinity of the phage endolysin to its substrate.This work has been supported by grant BIO2013-46266R (MINECO, Spain). BM, PG, and AR also acknowledge funding by GRUPIN14-139 Plan de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación 2013-2017 (Principado de Asturias, Spain) and FEDER EU funds.Peer reviewe

Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Branched Bimetallic AuPd Nanoparticles with a Highly Tunable Optical Response

Funding Information: This work received financial support from Portugal national funds [Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT/MCTES)] through the Projects UIDB/50006/2020 and UIDP/50006/2020. Silvia Nuti, Carlos Lodeiro, José-Luis Capelo-Martinez, Adrián Fernández-Lodeiro, and Javier Fernández-Lodeiro thank the financial support from national funds (FCT/MCTES) through Project Met4Cat (EXPL/QUI-COL/0263/2021). The authors thank the financial support by the PROTEOMASS Scientific Society (Portugal) (General Funding Grant 2023). The authors acknowledge funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant 823717-ESTEEM3, and Ana B. Hungría thanks the financial support from Junta de Andalucía Project P20_00968. Silvia Nuti thanks FCT/MCTEC (Portugal) for her doctoral grant associated with the chemistry Ph.D. program (SFRH/BD/144618/2019). Javier Fernández-Lodeiro thanks FCT for the research contract through the Program DL 57/2016-Norma Transitória. The work was carried out partially through the INL User Facilities (Braga, Portugal) and the Electron Microscope Division (DME) of the Servicios Centrales de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (SC-ICYT) at Cadiz University (Cadiz, Spain). The authors thank Dr. Jamila Djafari for the assistance with the design of the graphical abstract. Funding Information: This work received financial support from Portugal national funds [Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT/MCTES)] through the Projects UIDB/50006/2020 and UIDP/50006/2020. Silvia Nuti, Carlos Lodeiro, José-Luis Capelo-Martinez, Adrián Fernández-Lodeiro, and Javier Fernández-Lodeiro thank the financial support from national funds (FCT/MCTES) through Project Met4Cat (EXPL/QUI-COL/0263/2021). The authors thank the financial support by the PROTEOMASS Scientific Society (Portugal) (General Funding Grant 2023). The authors acknowledge funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant 823717-ESTEEM3, and Ana B. Hungría thanks the financial support from Junta de Andalucía Project P20_00968. Silvia Nuti thanks FCT/MCTEC (Portugal) for her doctoral grant associated with the chemistry Ph.D. program (SFRH/BD/144618/2019). Javier Fernández-Lodeiro thanks FCT for the research contract through the Program DL 57/2016–Norma Transitória. The work was carried out partially through the INL User Facilities (Braga, Portugal) and the Electron Microscope Division (DME) of the Servicios Centrales de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (SC-ICYT) at Cadiz University (Cadiz, Spain). The authors thank Dr. Jamila Djafari for the assistance with the design of the graphical abstract. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.Bimetallic nanostructures composed of gold (Au) and palladium (Pd) have garnered increased interest for their applications in heterogeneous catalysis. This study reports a simple strategy for manufacturing Au@Pd bimetallic branched nanoparticles (NPs), which offer a tunable optical response, using polyallylamine-stabilized branched AuNPs as template cores for Pd overgrowth. The palladium content can be altered by manipulating the concentration of PdCl42- and ascorbic acid (AA) that are injected, which permit an overgrowth of the Pd shell up to ca. 2 nm thick. The homogeneous distribution of Pd at the surfaces of Au NPs can be carried out regardless of their size or branching degree, which allows for an adjustment of the plasmon response in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral range. As a proof of concept, the nanoenzymatic activity of pure gold and gold-palladium NPs was compared, exploring their peroxidase-like activity in the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). The bimetallic AuPd NPs demonstrate an increase in the catalytic properties attributed to the presence of palladium at the surface of gold.publishersversionpublishe

The communicative management of large companies in Spain: structure, resources and main challenges of their managers

This article studies the communicative structures of the main companies in Spain. Based on the fact that these organisations have significant economic and human resources, the structure of their communication areas is analysed, as well as the specific training of their top managers. In addition, the article will outline the main concerns that these organisational structures have with regard to the day-to-day management of business communication (transparency, reputation, identity, etc.). To do this, the object of the study is made up of the main companies in the Spanish continuous market, some of them included in the Ibex 35 in 2018. This population has been selected because it has the greatest impact on the national economy and is susceptible to greater information transparency.El presente artículo reflexiona sobre las estructuras comunicativas de las principales empresas españolas. Partiendo de la base de que estas organizaciones tienen importantes recursos económicos y humanos, se analiza la organización de sus áreas de comunicación, las prácticas que llevan a cabo y la formación específica de sus máximos responsables. Además, se detallan las principales preocupaciones y retos de esos departamentos de comunicación en el presente y el futuro inmediato (transparencia, reputación, identidad, etc.). El objeto de estudio lo constituyen las empresas españolas con mayor volumen de facturación, incluyendo las del Ibex 35 en 2018, por ser las de mayor impacto en la economía nacional, además de susceptibles de una mayor transparencia informativa

First Multiplatform Application for Pharmacies in Spain, Which Guides the Prescription of Probiotics According to Pathology

[Abstract] The study of the intestinal microbiota is one of the biggest challenges in the current clinical environment. In this context, probiotics have been a focus of interest to achieve the stability of the intestinal microbiota, due to probiotics’ key role in its regulation. The development of an automated system that allows practitioners to easily search for the optimal probiotic is the main objective of this study. Although it is true that there have been previous attempts of applications with this purpose, only authorized probiotics available in the countries of origin, Canada and the USA, were included. This event was a limitation when looking for those endorsed in other countries such as Spain. Thus, a system has been developed from free and multiplatform technologies that allow its use without any cost, finding, in a simple way, those probiotics that would be ideal for each pathology, either from a browser or from a cell phone.This work was supported by the “Collaborative Project in Genomic Data Integration (CICLOGEN)” PI17/01826 funded by the Carlos III Health Institute from the Spanish National plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation 2013–2016, the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF)—“A way to build Europe.”, the General Directorate of Culture, Education and University Management of Xunta de Galicia (Ref. ED431D 2017/16), the “Galician Network for Colorectal Cancer Research” (Ref. ED431D 2017/23) and Competitive Reference Groups (Ref. ED431C 2018/49). The funding body did not have a role in the experimental design, data collection, analysis and interpretation, and writing of this manuscript. CITIC, as a Research Center accredited by Galician University System, is funded by “Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Universidades” of Xunta de Galicia, 80% co-financed by the ERDF Funds, ERDF Operational Programme Galicia 2014-2020, and the remaining 20% by “Secretaría Xeral de Universidades” (Grant ED431G 2019/01)Xunta de Galicia; ED431D 2017/16Xunta de Galicia; ED431D 2017/23Xunta de Galicia; ED431C 2018/49Xunta de Galicia; ED431G 2019/0