Consideraciones sobre la victimización secundaria en la atención social a las víctimas de la violencia de género

El Programa Municipal para la Mujer del Ayuntamiento de L'Hospitalet de Llobregat desarrolla, desde 1991, proyectos de prevención de la violencia de género y de asistencia a las mujeres afectadas. La complejidad del problema a abordar y el extenso entramado de instituciones implicadas en su atención, nos ha llevado a reflexionar sobre los riesgos que conlleva la intervención social y que pueden conducir a una nueva experiencia de violencia, en este caso desde las instituciones, produciendo una victimización secundaria. Uno de los mayores riesgos es contribuir a su ocultación, a mantener el problema invisible, si no nos dotamos de mecanismos e instrumentos para su detección. Para ello se hace necesario revisar nuestro posicionamiento profesional y personal frente a la violencia contra las mujeres. Otras respuestas que aumentan el malestar de las mujeres afectadas son las que minimizan los hechos, o las que expulsan de la institución, mediante derivaciones precipitadas a otro servicio, en el que la mujer de nuevo tiene que explicar lo que le ocurre y ser evaluada otra vez. También resulta perjudicial cuando la persona que atiende se identifica con la persona atendida, involucrándose en exceso en la intervención, que puede resultar intrusiva y confusa respecto de quién tiene que tomar las decisiones. Otras actitudes profesionales hacia las mujeres afectadas por violencia de género, como la descalificación , el descrédito, la falta de empatía, la imposición de ritmos y/o actuaciones, etc. favorecen la revictimización.Since 1991, the local council of L’Hospitalet de Llobregat has developed a municipal programme for women, which includes projects designed to promote the prevention of gender violence as well as offering direct assistance to women affected by gender violence. The complexity of the different problems faced, alongside the variety of different institutions involved in attending these women, has led us to reflect on the possible risks involved in the intervention of different organisations, which can often lead to a new form of secondary victimisation. One of the biggest risks is the possibility of colluding in the keeping the problem hidden or invisible because we do not have adequate detection procedures. For this reason it is important to constantly reflect on our professional and personal attitudes towards violence against women. Other responses that can increase a woman’s suffering are those that minimalize the events or that precipitate a referral to another official institution where the woman will have to explain her situation and have her case evaluated yet again. Another possible difficulty is when the person attending a woman over identifies with her situation and gets too involved in the case, this can cause an over intrusive attitude or lead to confusion as to exactly who must make vital decisions. Revictimisation can also occur when the professional has negative attitudes towards the victims of gender violence, these attitudes include undermining, discrediting, lack of empathy or imposing certain behaviour

Electronic transport in suspended rhombohedral few-layer graphene and 1T-TaS2

Durch Fortschritte in der experimentellen Messtechnik und der Probenherstellung ist eine präzise Kontrolle der elektronischen Eigenschaften von unterschiedlichen Materialien Realität geworden. In den vergangenen Jahren hat sich gezeigt, dass zweidimensionale Materialien eine ausgezeichnete experimentelle Plattform zur Untersuchung von Vielteilchen-Wechselwirkungsphysik und korrelierten Phänomenen darstellen. Die Vorhersage und anschließende Entdeckung von interaktionsgetriebenen gebrochenen Symmetriezuständen in mehrschichtigen Graphensystemen mit rhomboedrischer Stapelordnung motiviert die Realisierung von ultrareinen Proben dieses Materials, welche notwendig ist, um die Wechselwirkungsphysik innerhalb des Materials messbar zu machen. Diese Dissertation präsentiert neue Ergebnisse zur Überwindung der Herausforderungen bei der Herstellung und Untersuchung von hochwertigen rhomboedrischen dreiund vierlagigen Graphenproben, die die experimentelle Beobachtung der Wechselwirkungsphysik innerhalb dieser Materialien ermöglichen. Das Graphen wird dabei in einer brückenartigen Struktur, die von zwei elektronischen Kontakten getragen wird, aufgehängt. Oberhalb und unterhalb werden Gate-Elektroden platziert. In dieser Probenkonfiguration kann das Graphen in situ auf höchste Qualität gereinigt werden. Außerdem findet im Vergleich zu anderen Probenkonfigurationen ein reduziertes Screening von Coulomb-Wechselwirkungen statt, was die Beobachtung von Wechselwirkungseffekten auf einer niedrigen Energiebandskala begünstigt. Mittels elektronischer und magnetischer Transportmessungen bei mK-Temperaturen werden die mehrschichtigen Graphenproben als Funktion der Ladungsträgerdichte, des äußeren elektrischen Feldes und des Magnetfeldes, welches sowohl senkrecht als auch parallel zur Probe ausgerichtet wird, untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Experimente mit drei- und vierschichtigem rhomboedrischem Graphen im Rahmen dieser Dissertation zeigen, dass in diesen Systemen isolierende Phasen spontan durch Wechselwirkungseffekte entstehen können. Diese wurden in zweilagigem Graphen bereits ausführlich untersucht und für mehrlagige Graphenlagen theoretisch vorhergesagt. Des Weiteren wurden weitere, nicht vorhergesagte, korrelierte Phänomene entdeckt. Beispielsweise wird in dieser Arbeit der Nachweis für magnetische Zustände in dreischichtigem ABC-Graphen erbracht, deren Abstimmbarkeit mit dem Ladungsträgertyp durch Anlegen eines Magnetfeldes in der Ebene verbessert wird. Darüber hinaus wurden auch in vierlagigen Graphenproben neuartige Zustände entdeckt, die von der Stärke eines angelegten Magnetfeldes abhängen. Außerdem wurde ein hysteretisches Verhalten bei der Messung von Quanten-Hall-Zuständen nachgewiesen. Neben dreilagigem und vierlagigem rhomboedrischen Graphen wurde das Übergangsmetalldichalkogenid 1T-TaS2 mit einem neuartigen experimentellen Ansatz untersucht. Die Realisierung von Proben für die gleichzeitige Untersuchung der elektrischen und strukturellen Aspekte im Zusammenhang mit einem Ladungsdichtewellen (CDW)-Phasenschalter im Material wird präsentiert. Dazu werden konventionell exfolierte 1T-TaS2 Proben mit elektrischen Kontakten auf einer Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM)-Membran als Substrat hergestellt. Mit Hilfe von Beugungsmessungen sowie Hell- und Dunkelfeld-TEM-Bildgebung wird der strukturelle Charakter der CDW-Phasenübergänge nachvollzogen. Übergänge zwischen gleichartigen (C), fast gleichartigen (NC) und inkommensurierten (IC) CDW-Phasen in 1T-TaS2 werden mit temperaturabhängigen und DC-vorspannungsgesteuerten Messungen an den hergestellten Proben untersucht. Der hier vorgestellte experimentelle Ansatz bietet neue Einblicke in die strukturellen Komponenten, die mit einem NC-/IC-CDW-Phasenübergang in 1T-TaS2 verbunden sind, indem er diesen im realen Raum abbildet, während der Übergang durch Anlegen einer Gleichspannung an die Probe ausgelöst wird. Darüber hinaus werden Signaturen eines Stabilisierungsmechanismus der C-CDW-Phase beim Anlegen einer DC-Vorspannung gezeigt, wenn das System sich an den temperaturgesteuerten Übergangspunkt zwischen dem NC-/C-CDW-Phasen befindet. Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse tragen zum grundlegenden Verständnis des Phasendiagramms von 1T-TaS2 und der zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen seiner CDW-Phasenübergänge bei.With the advances of experimental and sample fabrication techniques, an outstanding control of the electronic properties of a material has become a reality. In the past years, two-dimensional materials have been demonstrated to constitute an exceptional experimental platform to investigate many-body interaction physics and correlated phenomena. The prediction and subsequent discovery of interaction-driven broken symmetry states in multilayer graphene systems with rhombohedral stacking order motivates the realization of ultraclean samples of this material, which is necessary to reveal its interaction physics. This thesis presents novel results on overcoming the challenges in fabrication and investigation of rhombohedral few-layer graphene devices, in a platform that allows the experimental observation of interaction physics within the material. The platform consists of a sample configuration in which the graphene is suspended in a bridge-like structure supported by two electronic contacts, while placed in between a top and a bottom gate electrode. In such devices, graphene as well as few-layer graphene can be cleaned in-situ to the highest quality and is embedded in a platform with reduced screening of Coulomb interactions, which favours the observation of interaction effects at a low energy band scale. By means of electronic transport and magneto transport measurements at mK-temperatures, the few-layer graphene samples are studied with independent tunability of the displacement field and charge carrier density of the systems, under application of out of plane as well as in plane magnetic fields. The outcomes of the experiments with few-layer rhombohedral graphene within this thesis reveal the presence of the interaction effect induced spontaneously gapped phase in the systems, which is predicted to be universal for rhombohedral graphene with more than two layers. In addition, further interaction phenomena which have not been revealed until now are brought to light. This thesis provides evidence for charge carrier density-tunable magnetic states in ABC trilayer graphene, whose tunability becomes enhanced upon application of an in-plane magnetic field. Additionally, quantum transport fingerprints of tetralayer ABCA reveal novel magnetic field tunable states in tetralayer graphene samples. Last but not least, a hysteretic behaviour when crossing quantum Hall conductance plateaus is revealed to be markedly present in the suspended samples. Besides trilayer and tetralayer rhombohedral graphene, the transition-metal dichalcogenide 1T-TaS2 has been studied by employing a novel experimental approach. The fabrication of samples for the simultaneous study of the electrical and structural aspects associated with a charge-density wave (CDW) phase switch in the material is presented. To this aim, conventionally exfoliated 1T-TaS2 samples with electrical contacts are fabricated with a Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) membrane as a substrate. By means of diffraction measurements as well as bright and dark-field TEM imaging, the structural character of the CDW phase transitions is followed. Moreover, transitions between commensurate (C), nearly-commensurate (NC) and incommensurate (IC) CDW phases in 1T-TaS2 are investigated using temperature dependent and DC bias controlled measurements. The experimental approach presented here provides novel insights into the structural components associated with a NC-/IC-CDW phase transition within 1T-TaS2 by imaging it in real space, while triggering the transition by applying DC voltage to the sample. Furthermore, signatures of a stabilization mechanism of the C-CDW phase upon application of a DC bias, when the system is at the temperature-driven transition points between the NC-/C-CDW phase switch, are revealed. The findings presented within this thesis contribute to the fundamental understanding of the phase diagram of 1T-TaS2 and the underlying mechanisms of its CDW phase transitions

An algorithm to sample genotypes in complex pedigrees

Until recently, genetic analyses were based on polygenic models. In these analyses the effects of individual genes were not studied. With the advances that have been made in molecular genetics, it has become possible to study the effects of individual genes using segregation and linkage analyses, by either likelihood or Bayesian methods. These analyses require that several generations of individuals in the population have genetic information at the marker and trait loci. Depending on the cost and benefits of genotyping, it is common that only some individuals are genotyped. Thus, a large fraction of the population would usually have no genetic information available. When genetic data at the trait and marker loci are incomplete, genotypes must be sampled. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, such as Scalar-Gibbs, have been used to sample these genotypes. However, the Markov chain that corresponds to scalar-Gibbs may not be irreducible when the marker locus has more than two alleles, and even when the chain is irreducible, mixing has been observed to be slow. These problems do not arise if the genotypes are sampled jointly from the entire pedigree. This thesis proposes a method to jointly sample genotypes. The method combines the Elston-Stewart algorithm and iterative peeling, and is called the ESIP sampler. The ESIP sampler is evaluated by computing genotype probabilities for a monogenic trait in a small hypothetical pedigree and in a large real pedigree. Further, results obtained by ESIP sampler are compared with other methods in the literature that sample genotypes at marker loci with more than two alleles. Of the methods that are guaranteed to be irreducible, ESIP was the most efficient. Finally, the ESIP sampler is used for mapping quantitative trait loci in a simulated pedigree using the Bayasian approach

Analysis of the judiciary resolution of international child abductions: its incidence in the future of mediation as dispute resolution method model

La sustracción internacional de menores es un fenómeno preocupante y creciente. Además de los mecanismos judiciales previstos por el Derecho Internacional y por la Unión Europea para resolver las sustracciones, las normas también prevén el uso de la mediación como alternativa a la resolución judicial del conflicto. Es cierto que la mediación ofrece numerosas ventajas, tanto para los padres como para los menores involucrados en la sustracción y, al mismo tiempo, ofrece un alto nivel de cumplimiento de los acuerdos alcanzados sobre la situación del hijo que ha sido objeto de sustracción. Sin embargo, el futuro de la mediación en estos casos, y su consolidación como vía eficaz de resolución del conflicto, guardan una relación directa con la necesidad de conseguir los mejores resultados posibles a partir de los mecanismos judiciales previstos por las normas. En este estudio se analizan las condiciones que contribuirían a generar un mejor contexto para la mediación en los supuestos de sustracción internacional de menores, especialmente en relación con los mecanismos judiciales existentes.International child abduction is a growing and worrying phenomenon. Beyond the judiciary mechanisms set by the International Law and the European Union for resolving the abduction cases, the laws also forsee the use of mediation as an alternative to the judiciary resolution of conflicts. It is true that the mediation offers numerous advantages for the parents and children involved in the abduction and, at the same time, offers a high level of compliance on the agreements reached regarding the situation of the abducted child. Nevertheless, the future of mediation in these cases and its consolidation as an efficient means for the resolution of conflicts remain directly related to the need of obtaining the best possible results upon the judiciary mechanisms set by the law. In this study the conditions that would contribute to a better context for mediation in the international child abduction cases are analyzed, especially in relation to the existent judiciary mechanisms.Este estudio se realiza en el marco del Proyecto de I+D “Derechos Fundamentales versus Seguridad en un nuevo modelo de Justicia” (Ref. DER2013-47584-R, Programa Estatal de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación orientada a los retos de la sociedad; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Gobierno de España)

La atribución de la custodia compartida en supuestos de violencia intrafamiliar

Tanto el Código Civil como determinadas normas autonómicas reguladoras de las relaciones de familia en situaciones de crisis incorporan la previsión de que, ante la incoación de procedimiento penal por actos de violencia intrafamiliar o indicios racionales de la misma apreciados por el juez, no se conceda la custodia, ni individual ni compartida, al progenitor sobre el que pesen imputación o evidencias de haber cometido tales actos. La interpretación y aplicación judicial de los preceptos que regulan esta prohibición de atribución de custodia presenta numerosos interrogantes de los que intenta darse cuenta en este trabajo y a los que se intenta ofrecer soluciones respetuosas con el principio del mejor interés de los hijos, en ponderación con la necesaria prevención de la violencia doméstica y de género y con los derechos parentales

Hexavalents in spermatocytes of Robertsonian heterozygotes between Mus m. domesticus 2n 26 from the Vulcano and Lipari Islands (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy)

The size and shape of the chromosomes, as well as the chromosomal domains that compose them, are determinants in the distribution and interaction between the bivalents within the nucleus of spermatocytes in prophase I of meiosis. Thus the nuclear architecture characteristic of the karyotype of a species can be modified by chromosomal changes such as Robertsonian (RB) chromosomes. In this study we analysed the meiotic prophase nuclear organization of the heterozygous spermatocytes from Mus musculus domesticus 2n=26, and the synaptic configuration of the hexavalent formed by the dependent Rb chromosomes Rbs 6.16, 16.10, 10.15, 15.17 and the telocentric chromosomes 6 and 17. Spreads of 88 pachytene spermatocytes from two males were studied and in all of them five metacentric bivalents, four telocentric bivalents, one hexavalent and the XY bivalent were observed. About 48% of the hexavalents formed a chain or a ring of synapsed chromosomes, the latter closed by synapsis between the short arms of telocentric chromosomes 6 and 17. About 52% of hexavalents formed an open chain of 10 synapsed chromosomal arms belonging to 6 chromosomes. In about half of the unsynapsed hexavalents one of the telocentric chromosome short arms appears associated with the X chromosome single axis, which was otherwise normally paired with the Y chromosome. The cluster of pericentromeric heterochromatin mostly determines the hexavalent’s nuclear configuration, dragging the centromeric regions and all the chromosomes towards the nuclear envelope similar to an association of five telocentric bivalents. These reiterated encounters between these chromosomes restrict the interactions with other chromosomal domains and might favour eventual rearrangements within the metacentric, telocentric or hexavalent chromosome subsets. The unsynapsed short arms of telocentric chromosomes frequently bound to the single axis of the X chromosome could further complicate the already complex segregation of hexavalent chromosomes

Determinants of schooling trajectories in the transition from Primaryto Secondary Education

Esta investigación ha pretendido construir un conocimiento relevante sobre los factores que condicionan el éxito o el fracaso de los estudiantes en el primer año de enseñanza secundaria obligatoria. Para ello se ha aplicado un cuestionario semiestructurado a 366 alumnos y alumnas del curso mencionado, y se ha realizado el seguimiento de la evolución de las calificaciones obtenidas de 277 de ellos a través de las actas de evaluación ordinaria a lo largo de todo el curso escolar. Las evidencias obtenidas, coincidentes con hallazgos de investigaciones previas, confirman que para una parte de los estudiantes, un 40%, las transiciones verticales no suponen un problema relevante. Sin embargo, sí lo es para otros alumnos y alumnas para quienes los rasgos que adquiere la transición son clave para la configuración de sus trayectorias escolares. Dentro de este grupo de estudiantes, un 33% se encuentra en una situación de vulnerabilidad que exige una respuesta educativa atenta a las características y circunstancias relacionadas con la transición, sobre las cuales esta investigación aporta algunas evidencias. En este artículo se ofrece un conocimiento que puede ser útil para abordar diversos problemas relacionados con el abandono y el fracaso escolar, ofreciendo una base para la comprensión de estos fenómenos, como así también para la actuación desde diversos ámbitos y funciones, entre ellos, el de la orientación educativaThis paper analyzes the factors affecting students' likelihood of success in the first year of compulsory secondary education. The research is based on the outcomes of a semi-structured survey on 366 students, and the subsequent performance of 277 of them, according to the school evaluation records, along the school year. Consistent with existing evidence, our findings confirm that for some students, 40%, the vertical transition does not constitute a significant problem. However, for those students that vertical transition represents a challenge, this event is likely to negatively affect their future school career. Within this group of students, 33% is in a vulnerable situation that requires an educational intervention able to accommodate to the specific characteristics and circumstances of the transition. This paper also contributes to the identification and understanding of determinants of dropout and school failure, and provides grounds for the design of educational programs to overcome them, such as educational guidance