Los efectos de los diferentes tipos de reconducción presupuestal en las entidades federativas de México

Este artículo analiza las distintas modalidades de reconducción presupuestal adoptadas en las 32 entidades federativas de México. En primer lugar, se describen las características formales de cada diseño institucional y se proyectan los posibles efectos de las reglas presupuestales en la moderación del conflicto ejecutivo-legislativo. En segundo lugar, se analizan los diseños de reconducción del presupuesto con el fin de cuestionar la creencia común de que la sola adopción de fórmulas de reconducción basta para incentivar los acuerdos entre los actores que deciden el presupuesto en los estados. Argumentamos que los diseños institucionales de reconducción presupuestal adoptados en los estados abren una gama de opciones a los jugadores del proceso presupuestario, cuyas estrategias pueden orientarse a agilizar o frenar la aprobación de un nuevo presupuesto. Las variaciones en el diseño de las instituciones de reconducción presupuestal son importantes, ya que las cláusulas simples —como la vigencia automática del presupuesto del año anterior— diseñadas para evitar la parálisis legislativa pueden producir consecuencias no esperadas, que lleven a los actores a reducir el sentido de urgencia y a posponer el acuerdo sobre el paquete presupuestal. Para aproximarnos a los efectos de las reglas de reconducción, en la parte final del artículo analizaremos el caso de la negociación presupuestal en el estado de Sonora, en una coyuntura en la que se puso a prueba la efectividad de la cláusula presupuestal y su capacidad para atenuar el riesgo de parálisis gubernamental.This document analyzes the different designs of reversionary appropriations that were adopted in the thirty-two subnational Mexican states. First, we describe the formal characteristics of every institutional design and we project the potential effects of the appropriations procedure rules, in the bargaining game between executive and legislative branches. Secondly, we analyze the different appropriations designs, to know if the design proceedings are enough to increase political agreements between the actors who decide the budget in the subnational states. We argue that the appropriations institutional designs adopted in the Mexican states open an array of options to veto players in the appropriation process, with strategies that help to facilitate or obstruct a new budget approval. Variety in appropriations institutional designs matter, because simple clauses, –as the continuing application of the most recent appropriation law–, designed to avoid governmental paralysis, can produce unintended consequences, driving actors to reduce their urgency sense of endorsement, and postponing the final appropriations agreement. In the last part of this article, as an approximation of the reversionary rules effects, we analyze the appropriations bargaining in the State of Sonora that evidenced the effectiveness of their appropriations reversion design to attenuate the risk of governmental paralysis

Changes in durum wheat root and aerial biomass caused by the introduction of the Rht-B1b dwarfing allele and their effects on yield formation

Aims This study aimed to quantify the changes in root and aerial biomass of durum wheat brought about by the introduction of the Rht-B1b dwarfing allele and their effects on yield formation. Methods A historical series of 24 Mediterranean cultivars with allelic variants a (tall) and b (semi-dwarf) at Rht-B1 locus was tested in tubes in three greenhouse experiments and six field experiments. Results The dwarfing allele reduced the aerial biomass of each plant at anthesis by 7.6 % and the root by 28.1 % (25.4 %, 26.7 % and 36.0 % in the upper, middle and lower root sections, respectively). Aerial and root biomass were reduced by 27.0 g y−1 and 7 g y−1 respectively, but the relative rate of change was much greater for roots (−0.73 % y−1) than for aerial organs (−0.17 % y−1). Aerial biomass at anthesis was negatively associated with spike number, harvest index and yield in tall cultivars, but no significant relationship was found for semi-dwarf ones. Conclusions The root/aerial biomass ratio was 29 % lower in semi-dwarf than in tall cultivars. In tall cultivars large aerial biomass at anthesis was detrimental to yield formation, while in semi-dwarf cultivars high aerial biomass at anthesis had no effect on yield formation.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Reducción de pérdidas mediante el diseño de un empaque para la comercialización del lulo (solanum quitoense lam.)

Con el fin de prevenir las altas pérdidas postcosecha, así como prevenir la disminución de su calidad y mejorar las condiciones de manejo postcosecha del lulo, se diseñó y evaluó un empaque, haciendo un análisis sobre el costol beneficio entre el sistema tradicional utilizado por los agricultores (el guacal) y el sistema mejorado, mediante el uso del nuevo empaque. Con base en las características físicas obtenidas para el producto y el análisis de las desventajas presentadas en el guacal tradicional, se escogieron como parámetros de diseño: a) la prevención de daño mecánico, b) la ventilación del empaque, c) la reducción del manipuleo de la fruta, posterior al empaque. Anterior a la evaluación del empaque diseñado, se realizaron operaciones previas de limpieza, selección y clasificación, y una única utilización del empaque, desde la cosecha hasta la venta final, durante el transporte y la comercialización. La fruta clasificada y acomodada cons eparadores de espuma de bajo calibre se transportó en la finca a lomo de mula, como los guacales tradicionales, y luego en viaje, en el mismo camión con la carga común, desde Isnos (Huila), hasta Bogotá, durante 14 horas de viaje. Se evaluó la calidad del producto en el empaque diseñado, a los 3, 11 Y 14 días de cosechada la fruta, la cual fue almacenada a una temperatura de 17°C y HR del 70%. De los resultados de la investigación "Evaluación de pérdidas postcosecha del lulo comercializado en un empaque trádicional" se determinaron las desventajas en el manejo del lulo en el guacal tradicional, se aplicaron los correctivos, diseñando un empaque cuyas características fueron: sistema de empaque mixto,de estructura de madera y cajas de cartón corrugado para dos capas de producto que una vez llenas pueden cerrarse hasta su destino final, sin necesidad de reenvasado. La estructura de madera es desarmable y su retorno hasta el cultivo disminuye el volumen y el costo de transporte y empaque. La calidad del lulo evaluado fue muy buena, presentando un porcentaje de calidad de 99,2% a los 3 días de cosecha y de 86,8% a los 11 días. Se produjo una maduración uniforme en el producto, acorde con la clasificación previa de la fruta y la adecuada composición de la atmósfera interna. Se logró una mayor relación beneficio/costo (2,01), frente al empaque tradicional (1,4) y una buena aceptación entre los agricultores

Unravelling the relationship between adaptation pattern and yield formation strategies in Mediterranean durum wheat landraces

Understanding the environmental and genetic factors behind the adaptation of landraces to different environments may help design breeding strategies and to promote yield improvement. Based on previous results that showed a differential frequency of alleles associated with important agronomic traits in landraces that originated in the east (EM) and the west (WM) of the Mediterranean Basin, this study analysed their patterns of adaptation and the influence this adaptation has on yield formation strategies. Thirteen and thirty-one genotypes selected according to their membership coefficient (q>0.900) from the EM and the WM genetic subpopulations, respectively, were tested during six crop seasons under rainfed Mediterranean conditions. Yearly yields ranged from 3173 to 4917 kg/ha. EM landraces showed more spikes per unit area, while WM ones showed consistently taller plants, larger cycle length to anthesis, a shorter grain filling period, a higher grain filling rate and heavier grains. The contrasting pattern of adaptation of the two subpopulations was based on a differential ability to use the water available before and after anthesis. The yield of EM landraces, originated in the warmest and driest area of the Mediterranean basin, relied mostly on water input before anthesis, which was beneficial for spike production and for the accumulation of water-soluble carbohydrates in the stems prior to anthesis, to be remobilized to grains during grain filling. WM landraces performed better in environments with high water input during grain filling, which was efficiently used to increase grain setting and produce heavy grains. EM landraces could be used in breeding to improve the adaptation of modern varieties to terminal drought.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Desarrollo de las habilidades cognitivo-lingüísticas en ciencias bajo la modalidad de educación virtual a distancia

En este artículo se analizan las habilidades cognitivo-lingüísticas (describir, explicar, justificar y argumentar) de cinco estudiantes en ciclo tecnológico del programa Gestión de la Producción Agroindustrial, de la Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, en convenio con Edupol, en modalidad virtual a distancia por convergencia de medios, cuando abordan procesos industriales relacionados con la química industrial. La metodología es cualitativa y los resultados muestran que en los educandos se pueden mejorar dichas habilidades, de forma sincrónica y asincrónica, desarrollando los contenidos y la escritura social a través de una comunicación dialógica que genere un entorno de aprendizaje que ponga en juego los principios del constructivismo en la educación virtual a distancia.In this paper, we analyze the cognitive-linguistic skills (description, explanation, justification and argument) of 5 students in a technological course, Management of Agribusiness Production Program at the Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, in collaboration with Edupol. The study is set at an online course with convergent media, where students analyze industrial processes related to industrial chemistry. The methodology is qualitative with case study; the results show that the cognitive-linguistic skills of students, synchronously and asynchronously, can be enhanced by developing content and social writing through a dialogic communication, and creating a learning environment based on the principles of constructivism in online education

Pasta-Making Quality QTLome From Mediterranean Durum Wheat Landraces

In order to identify genome regions related to pasta-making quality traits, association mapping (AM) was performed in a set of 165 durum wheat landraces from 21 Mediterranean countries. The collection was genotyped using 1149 DArT markers and 872 of them with a known genetic position were used for AM. The collection was grown in north-east Spain during 3 years. Results of ANOVA showed that trait variation for quality traits, except for grain protein content (GPC), was mainly explained by genetic effects. Landraces showed higher GPC than modern cultivars but lower gluten strength (GS). Modern and eastern landraces showed the highest yellow color index (YI). Balkan landraces showed the lowest test weight (TW). A total of 92 marker-trait associations were detected, 20 corresponding to GS, 21 to GPC, 21 to YI and 30 to TW. With the aim of detecting new genomic regions involved in grain quality, the position of the associations was compared with previously mapped QTL by a meta-QTL analysis. A total of 249 QTLs were projected onto the same map used for AM, identifying 45 meta-QTL (MQTL) regions and the remaining 15 QTLs as singletons. The position of known genes involved in grain quality was also included, and gene annotation within the most significant regions detected by AM was carried out using the wheat genome sequence

Integración curricular en torno a la gestión de proyectos ambientales escolares (PRAES): La riqueza de los recursos hídricos de la ciudad de Neiva

Surcolombiana University involved to preserve the wealth of water resources of the city of Neiva, has developed with teachers and students a study of their streams to build through school environmental projects (PRAES) a new way of living in harmony with water sources. It is aimed to propose a new lifestyle with the support of educational institutions that allow us through the training of citizens, enjoy the water, which is already becoming scarce in the city. The Universidad Surcolombiana is immersed in a proposal that inevitably involves the transformation of political, economic, academic, urban, productive, business, commercial, and community values in the face of the future of the preservation of streams due to its implications for the welfare of the population.La universidad Surcolombiana comprometida con la preservación de la riqueza de los recursos hídricos de la ciudad de Neiva, ha desarrollado con profesores y estudiantes un estudio de sus quebradas para construir a través de los proyectos ambientales escolares (PRAES) una nueva manera de vivir en armonía con las fuentes hídricas. Se pretende proponer un nuevo estilo de vida con el apoyo de las instituciones educativas que nos permitan a través de la formación de los ciudadanos, disfrutar el agua, que ya comienza a ser escasa en la ciudad. La universidad Surcolombiana está inmersa en una propuesta que inevitablemente compromete la transformación de los valores políticos, económicos, académ icos, urbanísticos, productivos, empresariales, comerciales, y comunitarios frente al futuro de la preservación de las quebradas por sus implicaciones en el bienestar de la sociedad

Novel magnetic nanostructures: nanopillars and patterned antidots

Resumen del trabajo presentado en el Simposio Nuevas fronteras y retos en Magnetismo de la XXXVIII Reunión Bienal de la Real Sociedad Española de Física, celebrada en Murcia (España), del 11 al 15 de julio de 2022Two different nanostructures are studied in this contribution: large-area nanopillar arrays fabricated by glancing angle deposition with magnetron sputtering (MS-GLAD) and magnetic thin films perforated with long-range order arrays of nanoholes prepared by focused ion beam (patterned antidots). MS-GLAD is an easy and versatile route to fabricate arrays of nanostructures in large areas in a single processing step. In our work, nanostructured films with vertical or tilted nanopillars composed by polycrystalline Fe and Fe2O3 have been fabricated depending on whether the substrate is kept rotating azimuthally during deposition or not, respectively [1]. The magnetic properties of these films can be tuned with the specific morphology. In particular, the growth performed through a collimator mask mounted onto a not rotating azimuthally substrate produces almost isolated well-defined tilted nanopillars that exhibit a magnetic hardening. The first-order reversal curves diagrams and micromagnetic simulations revealed that a growth-induced uniaxial anisotropy, associated with an anisotropic surface morphology produced by the GLAD in the direction perpendicular to the atomic flux, plays an important role in the observed magnetic signatures. Magnetic antidots are being studied for different applications, such as magnonic crystals for microwave devices, magnetically-active plasmonic media, magnetic biosensing, and magneto-resistance sensors. In our work, a top-down approach using focused ion beam has been employed to fabricate Co/Permalloy hard-soft bilayer antidot arrays [2]. The antidots have a 40 nm diameter and two symmetries are studied: square and hexagonal. A dependence of magnetic coercivity on the relative thicknesses of the magnetically hard (Co) and soft (Permalloy) layers is found; increasing Permalloy thickness results in lower magnetic coercivity. Furthermore, the long-range periodicity of these antidots results in higher magnetic coercivity and a stronger magnetic domain-wall pinning, compared to identical hard/soft bilayers of short-range order deposited on porous anodic alumina. Finally, magnetic force microscopy (MFM) imaging of the antidot arrays shows striking qualitative differences between the two symmetries: square symmetry arrays have inhomogeneous magnetic state and a high density of immobile super-domain walls, whereas hexagonal symmetry arrays show a homogeneous magnetic configuration.The service from the MiNa Laboratory at IMN. Funding from MINECO, Comunidad de Madrid, European Union, Fondecyt, Dicyt-Usach, São Paulo Research Foundation, Brazilian National Council for S., NSRF Greece-EU, NATO

Emergence of a new race of leaf rust with combined virulence to Lr14a and Lr72 genes on durum wheat

Leaf rust is a foliar disease caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina that may severely reduce durum wheat yield. Resistance to this pathogen is common in modern durum germplasm but is frequently based on Lr72 and Lr14a. After accounts of races with virulence to Lr14a gene in France in 2000, the present study reports the detection in 2013 for the first time of a new race with virulence to Lr14a and Lr72. The aim of this work was to characterize the virulence pattern of four Spanish isolates with virulence to Lr14a, and to discuss the consequences of this presence. Rusted leaves from cultivars ‘Don Jaime’ (Lr14a) and ‘Gallareta’ (Lr72) were collected in 2013 in the field at two Spanish sites, one in the south (near Cadiz) and another in the north (near Girona). Spores from single pustule for each cultivar and site were multiplied on susceptible cultivar ‘Don Rafael’. Then, the four isolates were inoculated on a set of 19 isogenic lines Thatcher to characterize their virulence spectrum. All isolates presented the same virulence pattern. They were virulent on both Lr14a and Lr72 and the race was named DBB/BS. This race was very similar to those reported in 2009-11, but with added virulence to Lr14a. The resistance based on Lr14a has therefore been overcome in Spain, by a new race that has likely emerged via stepwise mutation from the local predominating races. This information is important to guide breeders in their breeding programmes and gene deployment strategies