Estandarización línea de proceso de empanadas para microempresa

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo, estandarizar los procesos enfocados a la producción de una línea de empanadas. Este se trabajará a partir de un proyecto aplicado, debido a que, se centra en el control de variables que influye en el desarrollo del producto. La consecución de la información para la estandarización, se realizó mediante pruebas, practica, formulación, observación y análisis datos, donde se revisaron fuentes bibliográficas entre artículos, libros, normas, guías y legislación nacional en idioma español. Durante el desarrollo del proyecto, se profundizo en los procesos de ingeniería realizados, con el fin de obtener un producto y proceso caracterizado en su totalidad, aplicando las siguientes temáticas en el campo de la ingeniería de alimentos como lo son: • Las operaciones y procesos unitarios • La formulación de productos • Las transformaciones de masa y energía en la producción de alimentos • El estudio de materias primas e insumos y su aporte estructural al procesamiento del alimento • Diseño y funcionamiento de cadenas de producción de alimentos • Técnicas aplicadas a la identificación de características físicas, químicas, microbiológicas y sensoriales utilizadas en la industria • Aseguramiento de la calidad e inocuidad de los alimentos Para lo mencionado anteriormente, se implementó un plan de monitoreo, con el fin de controlar las variables del proceso, teniendo en cuenta cada uno de los formatos que permitieron el registro y seguimiento de la misma, siendo este un punto importante, debido a que una vez finalizado, da paso a la fase de la transformación de la materia prima de insumos, dando como resultado el alimento (Empanada de carne). Cabe destacar que, con lo mencionado en líneas anteriores, se logró caracterizar el producto a través, de la elaboración de una ficha técnica, donde se incluyen los atributos y las cualidades del mismo. Para concluir, a partir del proyecto aplicado se logró una mejora del producto y resultados positivos en costos, calidad y tiempo, donde se logró optimizar los recursos que llevaran a un mejor desarrollo de la microempresa.The objective of this work is to standardize the processes focused on the production of a line of empanadas. This will work from an applied project, because it focuses on the control of variables that influences the development of the product. The information for standardization was obtained through tests, practice, formulation, observation and data analysis, where bibliographic sources were reviewed among articles, books, norms, guides and national legislation in Spanish. During the development of the project, the engineering processes carried out were deepened, in order to obtain a product and process characterized in its entirety, applying the following themes in the field of food engineering such as: • Unit operations and processes • Product formulation • The transformations of mass and energy in food production • The study of raw materials and inputs and their structural contribution to food processing • Design and operation of food production chains • Techniques applied to the identification of physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics used in industry • Quality assurance and food safety For the aforementioned, a monitoring plan was implemented, in order to control the process variables, taking into account each of the formats that allowed its registration and follow-up, this being an important point, because a once finished, it gives way to the phase of transformation of the raw material of inputs, resulting in food (meat pie). It should be noted that, with what was mentioned in previous lines, it was possible to characterize the product through the preparation of a technical sheet, which includes its attributes and qualities. To conclude, from the applied project an improvement of the product and positive results in costs, quality and time were achieved, where it was possible to optimize the resources that would lead to a better development of the microenterprise

Interference Effects in Relativistic Deuteron Electrodisintegration

We extend the relativistic plane--wave impulse approximation formalism to incorporate a specific class of relativistic interference effects for use in describing inclusive electrodisintegration of $^2$H. The role of these ``exchange'' terms for the various response functions accessible in parity--conserving and --violating inclusive processes is investigated and shown, especially for the latter, to have important consequences for experiment. An extension to a simple quasi--deuteron model is also considered.Comment: 28 pages (latex), 15 figures available upon request, TRI-PP-93-101 and MIT-CTP#224

Broad emission lines for negatively spinning black holes

We present an extended scheme for the calculation of the profiles of emission lines from accretion discs around rotating black holes. The scheme includes discs with angular momenta which are parallel and antiparallel with respect to the black hole's angular momentum, as both configurations are assumed to be stable (King et al., 2005). We discuss line shapes for such discs and present a code for modelling observational data with this scheme in X-ray data analysis programs. Based on a Green's function approach, an arbitrary radius dependence of the disc emissivity and arbitrary limb darkening laws can be easily taken into account, while the amount of precomputed data is significantly reduced with respect to other available models.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures; accepted by MNRAS for Publication, now matches the proof read versio

Habilidades sociales : detección en alumnos del primer curso de la carrera de Contabilidad en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Nacional del Este en Ciudad del Este, Paraguay

Detectar el nivel en habilidades sociales de los alumnos del primer curso de la carrera de Contabilidad. Hallar la diferencia de niveles en habilidades sociales entre hombres y mujeres dentro del grupo de alumnos estudiado; identificar el promedio de habilidades sociales en los distintos factores que propone el instrumento. Método: Este estudio se enmarcó dentro de la propuesta cuantitativa a nivel descriptiva; dado que se limitó a realizar un diagnóstico situacional. La población en estudio estuvo compuesta de 160 alumnos matriculados en el primer curso de la carrera de Contabilidad en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Nacional del Este sede central y la porción muestral fue de 103 alumnos que corresponde al 64% del total. El muestreo se realizó de manera intencional y por tanto, corresponde a muestreo no probabilístico. El instrumento utilizado fue la Escala de Habilidades Sociales (Gismero, 2000). Resultados: Los datos recabados demostraron que los sujetos abordados en este estudio se encuentran en la franja "media" del constructo "habilidades sociales". También, se constató que no existe diferencia entre hombres y mujeres en cuanto al nivel de habilidades sociales. Por último, se observó que el factor "hacer peticiones" fue el mejor puntuado, alcanzando 2,8 en una escala del 1 al 4. Mientras que los menores puntuados fueron "expresión de enojo o disconformidad" e "iniciar interacciones positivas con el sexo opuesto", los dos factores con un puntaje de 2,5Fil: Torres, Marcelo. Universidad Nacional del Este (Paraguay)Fil: Caballero González, Diego Fabian . Universidad Nacional del Este (Paraguay)Fil: Ullon, Eleazar. Universidad Nacional del Este (Paraguay

X-ray reflection in a sample of X-ray bright Ultraluminous X-ray sources

We apply a reflection-based model to the best available XMM-Newton spectra of X-ray bright UltraLuminous X-ray (ULX) sources (NGC 1313 X-1, NGC 1313 X-2, M 81 X-6, Holmberg IX X-1, NGC 5408 X-1 and Holmberg II X-1). A spectral drop is apparent in the data of all the sources at energies 6-7 keV. The drop is interpreted here in terms of relativistically-blurred ionized reflection from the accretion disk. A soft-excess is also detected from these sources (as usually found in the spectra of AGN), with emission from O K and Fe L, in the case of NGC 5408 X-1 and Holmberg II X-1, which can be understood as features arising from reflection of the disk. Remarkably, ionized disk reflection and the associated powerlaw continuum provide a good description of the broad-band spectrum, including the soft-excess. There is no requirement for thermal emission from the inner disk in the description of the spectra. The black holes of these systems must then be highly spinning, with a spin close to the maximum rate of a maximal spinning black hole. The results require the action of strong light bending in these sources. We suggest that they could be strongly accreting black holes in which most of the energy is extracted from the flow magnetically and released above the disc thereby avoiding the conventional Eddington limit.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA

Optimal design of a two-stage membrane system for hydrogen separation in refining processes

This paper fits into the process system engineering field by addressing the optimization of a two-stage membrane system for H2 separation in refinery processes. To this end, a nonlinear mathematical programming (NLP) model is developed to simultaneously optimize the size of each membrane stage (membrane area, heat transfer area, and installed power for compressors and vacuum pumps) and operating conditions (flow rates, pressures, temperatures, and compositions) to achieve desired target levels of H2 product purity and H2 recovery at a minimum total annual cost. Optimal configuration and process design are obtained from a model which embeds different operating modes and process configurations. For instance, the following candidate ways to create the driving force across the membrane are embedded: (a) compression of both feed and/or permeate streams, or (b) vacuum application in permeate streams, or (c) a combination of (a) and (b). In addition, the potential selection of an expansion turbine to recover energy from the retentate stream (energy recovery system) is also embedded. For a H2 product purity of 0.90 and H2 recovery of 90%, a minimum total annual cost of 1.764 M$·year-1 was obtained for treating 100 kmol·h-1 with 0.18, 0.16, 0.62, and 0.04 mole fraction of H2, CO, N2, CO2, respectively. The optimal solution selected a combination of compression and vacuum to create the driving force and removed the expansion turbine. Afterwards, this optimal solution was compared in terms of costs, process-unit sizes, and operating conditions to the following two sub-optimal solutions: (i) no vacuum in permeate stream is applied, and (ii) the expansion turbine is included into the process. The comparison showed that the latter (ii) has the highest total annual cost (TAC) value, which is around 7% higher than the former (i) and 24% higher than the found optimal solution. Finally, a sensitivity analysis to investigate the influence of the desired H2 product purity and H2 recovery is presented. Opposite cost-based trade-offs between total membrane area and total electric power were observed with the variations of these two model parameters. This paper contributes a valuable decision-support tool in the process system engineering field for designing, simulating, and optimizing membrane-based systems for H2 separation in a particular industrial case; and the presented optimization results provide useful guidelines to assist in selecting the optimal configuration and operating mode.Fil: Arias, Ana Marisa. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Regional Rosario. Centro de Aplicaciones Informáticas y Modelado en Ingeniería; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Mores, Patricia Liliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Regional Rosario. Centro de Aplicaciones Informáticas y Modelado en Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Scenna, Nicolas Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Regional Rosario. Centro de Aplicaciones Informáticas y Modelado en Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Caballero, José A.. Universidad de Alicante; EspañaFil: Mussati, Sergio Fabian. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Regional Rosario. Centro de Aplicaciones Informáticas y Modelado en Ingeniería; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo y Diseño. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Mussati, Miguel Ceferino. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo y Diseño. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo y Diseño; Argentin

Variability and spectral modeling of the hard X-ray emission of GX 339-4 in a bright low/hard state

We study the high-energy emission of the Galactic black hole candidate GX 339-4 using INTEGRAL/SPI and simultaneous RXTE/PCA data. By the end of January 2007, when it reached its peak luminosity in hard X-rays, the source was in a bright hard state. The SPI data from this period show a good signal to noise ratio, allowing a detailed study of the spectral energy distribution up to several hundred keV. As a main result, we report on the detection of a variable hard spectral feature (>150 keV) which represents a significant excess with respect to the cutoff power law shape of the spectrum. The SPI data suggest that the intensity of this feature is positively correlated with the 25 - 50 keV luminosity of the source and the associated variability time scale is shorter than 7 hours. The simultaneous PCA data, however, show no significant change in the spectral shape, indicating that the source is not undergoing a canonical state transition. We analyzed the broad band spectra in the lights of several physical models, assuming different heating mechanisms and properties of the Comptonizing plasma. For the first time, we performed quantitative model fitting with the new versatile Comptonization code BELM, accounting self-consistently for the presence of a magnetic field. We show that a magnetized medium subject to pure non-thermal electron acceleration provides a framework for a physically consistent interpretation of the observed 4 - 500 keV emission. Moreover, we find that the spectral variability might be triggered by the variations of only one physical parameter, namely the magnetic field strength. Therefore, it appears that the magnetic field is likely to be a key parameter in the production of the Comptonized hard X-ray emission.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables, uses emulateApj.cls, accepted for publication in Ap

Nucleolar release of rDNA repeats for repair involves SUMO-mediated untethering by the Cdc48/p97 segregase

Ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) are highly unstable and susceptible to rearrangement due to their repetitive nature and active transcriptional status. Sequestration of rDNA in the nucleolus suppresses uncontrolled recombination. However, broken repeats must be first released to the nucleoplasm to allow repair by homologous recombination. Nucleolar release of broken rDNA repeats is conserved from yeast to humans, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are currently unknown. Here we show that DNA damage induces phosphorylation of the CLIP-cohibin complex, releasing membrane-tethered rDNA from the nucleolus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Downstream of phosphorylation, SUMOylation of CLIP-cohibin is recognized by Ufd1 via its SUMO-interacting motif, which targets the complex for disassembly through the Cdc48/p97 chaperone. Consistent with a conserved mechanism, UFD1L depletion in human cells impairs rDNA release. The dynamic and regulated assembly and disassembly of the rDNA-tethering complex is therefore a key determinant of nucleolar rDNA release and genome integrity

Suzaku observations of the HMXB 1A 1118-61

We present broad band analysis of the Be/X-ray transient 1A 1118-61 by Suzaku at the peak of its 3rd observed outburst in January 2009 and 2 weeks later when the source flux had decayed by an order of magnitude. The continuum was modeled with a \texttt{cutoffpl} model as well as a compTT model, with both cases requiring an additional black body component at lower energies. We confirm the detection of a cyclotron line at ~5 keV and discuss the possibility of a first harmonic at ~110 keV. Pulse profile comparisons show a change in the profile structure at lower energies, an indication for possible changes in the accretion geometry. Phase resolved spectroscopy in the outburst data show a change in the continuum throughout the pulse period. The decrease in the CRSF centroid energy also indicates that the viewing angle on the accretion column is changing throughout the pulse period.Comment: accepted by Ap