Detecting Heatsink Types for Socketed Processors

Servers often are designed to support a socketed processor in order to allow the end user the ability to customize their compute solution for their needs. Server processor vendors offer a variety of different processor models that can be installed. These various processor models can have differing technical specifications that include core count, cache size, operating frequency limitations, memory capacity, as well as power and thermal cooling requirements. An individual server design could easily support a range of processor models from those that have few cores, providing low performance, all the way up to dozens of cores that providing high performance. Since compute resources such as cores consume power, the range of processor power can be as wide as 200W. To keep costs of a total solution down, different heatsinks are often designed and sold to support this wide range: cheap extruded aluminium heatsinks for lower performing CPUs and expensive heat piped heatsinks for higher performing CPUs

Nocebo and pain: an overview of the psychoneurobiological mechanisms

Introduction: Nocebo effects are defined as adverse events related to negative expectations and learning processes that are involved in the modulation of the descending pain pathways. Research over the last couple of decades has illustrated that behavioral, psychoneurobiological, and functional changes occur during nocebo-induced pain processing. Objectives: We aimed to review published human and nonhuman research on algesia and hyperalgesia resulting from negative expectations and nocebo effects. Methods: Herein, we searched and comprehensively reviewed scientific literature providing informative knowledge about the psychoneurobiological bases of the nocebo effect in the field of pain with an emphasis on how pain processes are shaped by both cognitive and noncognitive factors. Results: Negative expectations are formed through verbal suggestions of heightened pain, prior nociceptive and painful experiences, and observation of pain in others. Susceptibility to the nocebo effect can be also influenced by genetic variants, conscious and nonconscious learning processes, personality traits, and psychological factors. Moreover, providers\u2019 behaviors, environmental cues and the appearance of medical devices can induce negative expectations that dramatically influence pain perception and processing in a variety of pain modalities and patient populations. Conclusion: Importantly, we concluded that nocebo studies outline how individual expectations may lead to physiological changes underpinning the central integration and processing of magnified pain signaling. Further research is needed to develop strategies that can identify patients with nocebo-vulnerable pain to optimize the psychosocial and therapeutic context in which the clinical encounter occurs, with the ultimate purpose of improving clinical outcomes