Efecto de la densidad de siembra en el desarrollo vegetativo del aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) en plantaciones forestales

In this work, the effect of two planting distances of Mauritia flexuosa on its height is studied, quantified the sex ratio and ecological requirements needed by the species, e.g. light and crown shape. We conducted this study in two plots, each one with a different planting distance, which were monitored throughout 6 years starting after 6 years of the establishment of the plantations. Increased planting distance in between individuals gave increased average height and thus increased growth. Individuals planted with higher vs lower distances grew in average 15.28 m and 13.1 m in height respectively. The proportion of fertile palms increased throughout time and was lower in plantations with higher palm densities. The presence of female individuals increased also with time. There was a strong competition among palm crowns related to light requirements in good and acceptable categories. We recommended to continue with the evaluation and future analysis of this species’ behavior.En este trabajo es estudiado el efecto de dos densidades de siembra de la palmera aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) sobre su crecimiento en altura; cuantificamos la proporción de plantas según sexo y determinamos los requerimientos ecológicos de iluminación y forma de copa del aguaje. El estudio se desarrolló en dos subparcelas con diferente densidad de siembra que fueron monitoreadas por 6 años después de 6 años de haber sido plantadas. Los resultados muestran que los individuos presentan mayor altura promedio y por lo tanto mayor crecimiento a mayor densidad de siembra. Es así que a los 12 años de establecidas las plantaciones, los individuos tuvieron en promedio 15.28 m y 13.1 m de altura a densidades de siembra mayores y menores, respectivamente. La proporción de palmeras fértiles se fue incrementando con el tiempo, siendo por lo general mayor a bajas densidades e incrementando en el tiempo la presencia de plantas femeninas. Existe una marcada competencia entre las copas de las palmeras por requerimientos de luz en las categorías buena y aceptable, por lo que se recomienda continuar con la evaluación y analizar el comportamiento futuro de las palmeras

CARACTERIZACIÓN ESTRUCTURAL, PRODUCCIÓN Y FENOLOGÍA REPRODUCTIVA DE Mauritia flexuosa L.f. "aguaje" EN PLANTACIONES FORESTALES DE JENARO HERRERA, LORETO, PERÚ

In this study, we generated information on the structural characteristics and reproductive phenology of aguaje in six plantations from 11,6 to 17 years old established in the Jenaro Herrera Research Centre, Loreto, Peru. We observed and measured plant survival, structural characteristics, and phenology. The results showed that plant survival ranged from 66% to 96%. The majority of the variables did not show an increase with the age of the plantation, except for the mean stem height and total height, which were higher in the 17‑year‑old plantation than in the younger plantations. The reproductive stage of plants began at 6‑7 years with the flowering of a few individuals and showing an increase in the number of flowering plants in the plantations each year. The flowering and fruiting of aguaje plants occurred annually with synchrony in the flowering of male and female plants. However, some plants did not flower for periods of one to three years. The flowering period lasted on average 58,2 ± 0,9 days in the female plants and 55,1 ± 0,8 days in the male plants, while fruiting lasted 275,0 ± 1,6 days. The obtained information contributes to the silvicultural knowledge for the management of aguaje in plantations.En este estudio, generamos información sobre las caracterı́sticas estructurales y la fenologı́a reproductiva del aguaje en seis plantaciones de 11,6 a 17 años establecidas en el Centro de Investigaciones Jenaro Herrera, Loreto, Perú. Realizamos observaciones y mediciones de la supervivencia de las plantas, sus caracterı́sticas estructurales y la fenologı́a. Los resultados muestran que la supervivencia de las plantas desde el inicio de la plantación varió desde 66% hasta 96%. La mayorı́a de las variables evaluadas no mostraron incremento con la edad de la plantación, a excepción de la altura promedio del estı́pite y la altura total que fueron mayores en las plantaciones de 17 años que en las plantaciones menores. La etapa reproductiva inició a los 6‑7 años con la floración de pocos individuos, mostrando un aumento en el número de plantas en floración en todas las plantaciones cada año. La floración y fructificación ocurrió anualmente, con sincronı́a en la floración de las plantas femeninas y masculinas. Sin embargo, algunas plantas no florecieron durante periodos de 1 a 3 años. El perı́odo de floración duró en promedio 58,2 ± 0,9 dı́as en las plantas femeninas y 55,1 ± 0,8 dı́as en las masculinas, mientras que la fructificación duró 275,0 ± 1,6 dı́as. La información obtenida contribuye al conocimiento silvicultural para el manejo del aguaje en plantaciones

SILVICULTURE OF NATURAL REGENERATION STAND OF Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum (RUBIACEAE) IN ALLUVIAL FLOODPLAIN OF IQUITOS, PERUVIAN AMAZON

Los rodales de Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum., conocidos localmente como capironales, ocurren naturalmente en la planicie de inundación de los ríos principales de la Amazonía baja peruana. En el presente estudio, se caracterizó la estructura horizontal y se analizó la condición silvicultural de un rodal de capirona ubicado en el distrito de Belén, departamento de Loreto. Se realizó un inventario forestal y se midieron los parámetros sobre la condición silvicultural de las plantas según categorías de tamaño. El rodal tiene 8 años y presenta 961 individuos, 7,68 m2 de área basal y un volumen de 25,68 m3 . La condición silvicultural según iluminación de copas muestra que el 40,48% de la población se encuentra en condiciones deficientes de luz y pertenecen al grupo de latizales, esta situación también afecta la forma de las copas, ya que dentro de este grupo el 33,51% corresponden a la categoría tolerable con medio círculo de copa y un 22,27 son copas pobres a muy pobres. En cuanto a la calidad de fuste el 30,07% de individuos presentan fustes bien rectos y cilíndricos y 25,7% con fuste recto en la mayor parte de su longitud. El análisis silvicultural del rodal muestra que existe un alto número de plantas con deficiente iluminación y forma de copas, por lo que se considera que el tratamiento silvicultural adecuado es un raleo de tipo selectivo-elegido con fin de regular el distanciamiento entre las plantas mejor conformadas y vigorosas y mejorar las condiciones para su desarrollo.Horizontal structure and silvicultural conditions of a naturally-regenerated Calycophyllum spruceanum (known in Peru as “Capirona”) stand in an alluvial floodplain were assessed. A forestry inventory was carried out and silvicultural conditions parameters were measured according their size categories. C. spruceanum stand has 961 individuals, 7.68m2 of basal area and 25.68m3 of volume. Silvicultural condition by crown lighting indicated that 40.48% of total population has deficient lighting and belongs to the latizales class. This deficient lighting also affected the crown shape because 33.51% of the stand belong to the “tolerable” class with half-crown circle and 22.27% varies from poor to very poor crown. Regarding the stem quality, 30.07% of individuals shows well straight and cylindrical stems and 25.7% with straight stems in higher of its length. The silvicultural analysis of the stand shows that there are a high number of plants with poor lighting and crown shape, so it is considered that the appropriate silvicultural treatment is a thinning of the selective-chosen type in order to regulate the distance between the best shaped plants and vigorous and improve the conditions for their development

Factores climáticos, fenología reproductiva y biometría de Mauritia flexuosa (aguaje) en plantaciones forestales de la Amazonía peruana

El comportamiento fenológico de las plantas se relaciona con los factores climáticos, por lo cual el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el comportamiento de la fenología reproductiva de Mauritia flexuosa y la influencia de los factores climáticos en la producción y los parámetros biométricos del fruto. Durante 10 años se realizaron mediciones biométricas de los frutos, se registraron fechas de la aparición de espádices, antesis, aparición y maduración de frutos; los cuales fueron correlacionados con precipitación y temperatura. La aparición de espádices y frutos presentaron una correlación positiva con la precipitación, temperatura mínima y media; pero fue negativa con la temperatura máxima. La maduración de frutos y antesis masculina presentaron una correlación positiva con la precipitación. La variable peso de racimos se incrementó notablemente en los años 2016 y 2017, a los 14-15 años de edad de la plantación. El porcentaje del mesocarpo alcanzó promedios de 24,6% en el año 2015 y 24,9% el 2016. El estudio de la fenología y de las características biométricas de los frutos contribuye a entender el comportamiento y a sentar las bases para emprender acciones para el manejo y conservación de esta importante especie

SALUD MENTAL Y GÉNERO EN EL PERSONAL SANITARIO DURANTE LA PANDEMIA COVID-19 EN LATINOAMÉRICA

La emergencia sanitaria producto de la pandemia COVID-19 generó afectaciones en la salud mental de la población en general y en especial en el personal sanitario. Este estudio se basa en una encuesta realizada a personal sanitario en cinco países (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Perú y Uruguay). La muestra fue de 9.820 participantes, con 79,6% de mujeres. Se construyeron modelos de regresión logística múltiple para hombres y mujeres en cada país, identificando los factores que estaban asociados al deterioro de su salud mental. Las mujeres reportaron un mayor deterioro de su salud mental y un perfil diferente de factores asociados a esto. Estos hallazgos se relacionan con los roles tradicionales según género, donde las mujeres tienen un mayor peso en el cuidado de los otros y valoran los aspectos relacionales por encima de los personales, a diferencia de los hombres quienes otorgan más importancia al ámbito público y al cuidado propio. Se resalta la importancia de incluir el enfoque de género en el diseño de políticas para el personal de salud, especialmente en el cuidado de su salud mental

Efeitos de lipopolissacarídeos na ativação e apoptose de folículos ovarianos primordiais em novilhas

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration on activation and apoptosis of primordial follicles. There was no difference in the total number of follicles as well as in the different types of follicles. Furthermore, the LPS challenge didn’t modulate the expression of genes related with ovarian reserve (HAM), oocyte survival (Survivin), activation rate (Pten, KIT, KITL1, KITL2, AKT1, SIRT1), and follicular abnormalities. Therefore, the LPS exposure with 24h interval had no effect on activation rate and primordial follicles abnormalities, and also had no effect on expression of anti-apoptotic genes and genes related with ovarian reserve, oocyte survival, activation rate, and primordial follicles abnormalities.O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da administração de lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) na ativação e a apoptose de folículos primordiais. Dez novilhas saudáveis (Bos taurus taurus), com idade média de 14 meses, alojadas em sistema de confinamento e alimentadas com TMR, foram utilizadas neste experimento. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo LPS (LPS; n = 5), que recebeu duas injeções intravenosas de 0,5μg/kg de peso corporal de lipopolissacarídeo (Sigma Aldrich®) diluído em 2mL de solução salina (0,9% de NaCl), com intervalo de 24h; e grupo controle (CTR; n = 5), que recebeu duas injeções intravenosas de 2mL de solução salina (0,9% de NaCl), com intervalo de 24h. A primeira injeção de LPS foi realizada no d 1, e no d 5 os animais foram abatidos, os ovários foram pesados e as amostras dos ovários foram coletadas para avaliação histológica e molecular. Não houve diferença no número total de folículos, bem como nos diferentes tipos de folículos. Além disso, o desafio com LPS não modulou a expressão de genes relacionados à reserva ovariana (HAM), à sobrevivência oocitária (Survivin), à taxa de ativação (Pten, KIT, KITL1, KITL2, AKT1, SIRT1) e às anormalidades foliculares. Portanto, a exposição ao LPS com intervalo de 24h não teve efeito sobre a taxa de ativação e as anormalidades dos folículos primordiais, bem como não teve efeito sobre a expressão de genes antiapoptóticos e de genes relacionados com a reserva ovariana, a sobrevivência oocitária, a taxa de ativação e as anormalidades dos folículos primordiais

First Assessment of the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Marine Recreational Fisheries

This work is the result of an international research effort to determine the main impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on marine recreational fishing. Changes were assessed on (1) access to fishing, derived from lockdowns and other mobility restrictions; (2) ecosystems, because of alterations in fishing intensity and human presence; (3) the blue economy, derived from alterations in the investments and expenses of the fishers; and (4) society, in relation to variations in fishers’ health and well-being. For this, a consultation with experts from 16 countries was carried out, as well as an international online survey aimed at recreational fishers, that included specific questions designed to capture fishers’ heterogeneity in relation to behavior, skills and know-how, and vital involvement. Fishers’ participation in the online survey (5,998 recreational fishers in 15 countries) was promoted through a marketing campaign. The sensitivity of the fishers’ clustering procedure, based on the captured heterogeneity, was evaluated by SIMPER analysis and by generalized linear models. Results from the expert consultation highlighted a worldwide reduction in marine recreational fishing activity. Lower human-driven pressures are expected to generate some benefits for marine ecosystems. However, experts also identified high negative impacts on the blue economy, as well as on fisher health and well-being because of the loss of recreational fishing opportunities. Most (98%) of the fishers who participated in the online survey were identified as advanced, showing a much higher degree of commitment to recreational fishing than basic fishers (2%). Advanced fishers were, in general, more pessimistic about the impacts of COVID-19, reporting higher reductions in physical activity and fish consumption, as well as poorer quality of night rest, foul mood, and raised more concerns about their health status. Controlled and safe access to marine recreational fisheries during pandemics would provide benefits to the health and well-being of people and reduce negative socioeconomic impacts, especially for vulnerable social groups.Versión del edito

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Laparoscopy in management of appendicitis in high-, middle-, and low-income countries: a multicenter, prospective, cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency worldwide. Differences between high- and low-income settings in the availability of laparoscopic appendectomy, alternative management choices, and outcomes are poorly described. The aim was to identify variation in surgical management and outcomes of appendicitis within low-, middle-, and high-Human Development Index (HDI) countries worldwide. METHODS: This is a multicenter, international prospective cohort study. Consecutive sampling of patients undergoing emergency appendectomy over 6 months was conducted. Follow-up lasted 30 days. RESULTS: 4546 patients from 52 countries underwent appendectomy (2499 high-, 1540 middle-, and 507 low-HDI groups). Surgical site infection (SSI) rates were higher in low-HDI (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.33-4.99, p = 0.005) but not middle-HDI countries (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.76-2.52, p = 0.291), compared with high-HDI countries after adjustment. A laparoscopic approach was common in high-HDI countries (1693/2499, 67.7%), but infrequent in low-HDI (41/507, 8.1%) and middle-HDI (132/1540, 8.6%) groups. After accounting for case-mix, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42-0.71, p < 0.001) and SSIs (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.14-0.33, p < 0.001). In propensity-score matched groups within low-/middle-HDI countries, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.23 95% CI 0.11-0.44) and SSI (OR 0.21 95% CI 0.09-0.45). CONCLUSION: A laparoscopic approach is associated with better outcomes and availability appears to differ by country HDI. Despite the profound clinical, operational, and financial barriers to its widespread introduction, laparoscopy could significantly improve outcomes for patients in low-resource environments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02179112