Legacy of COVID‐19 – the opportunity to enhance surgical services for patients with colorectal disease

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Essential components and validation of multi-specialty robotic surgical training curricula: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: The rapid adoption of robotic surgical systems has overtook the development of standardised training and competency assessment for surgeons, resulting in an unmet educational need in this field. This systematic review aims to identify the essential components and evaluate the validity of current robotic training curricula across all surgical specialties. METHODS: A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Emcare, and CINAHL databases was conducted to identify studies reporting on multi-specialty or specialty-specific surgical robotic training curricula, between January 2000 and January 2024. We extracted data according to Kirkpatrick's curriculum evaluation model and Messick's concept of validity. The quality of studies was assessed using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI). RESULTS: From the 3,687 studies retrieved, 66 articles were included. The majority of studies were single-centre (n = 52, 78.8%) and observational (n = 58, 87.9%) in nature. The most commonly reported curriculum components included didactic teaching (n = 48, 72.7%), dry laboratory skills (n = 46, 69.7%), and virtual reality (VR) simulation (n = 44, 66.7%). Curricula assessment methods varied, including direct observation (n = 44, 66.7%), video assessment (n = 26, 39.4%), and self-assessment (6.1%). Objective outcome measures were used in 44 studies (66.7%). None of the studies were fully evaluated according to Kirkpatrick's model, and five studies (7.6%) were fully evaluated according to Messick's framework. The studies were generally found to have moderate methodological quality with a median MERSQI of 11. CONCLUSIONS: Essential components in robotic training curricula identified include didactic teaching, dry laboratory skills, and VR simulation. However, variability in assessment methods used and notable gaps in curricula validation remain evident. This highlights the need for standardised, evidence-based development, evaluation, and reporting of robotic curricula to ensure the effective and safe adoption of robotic surgical systems

Clinical practice guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) on bariatric surgery: update 2020 endorsed by IFSO-EC, EASO and ESPCOP

Background: Surgery for obesity and metabolic diseases has been evolved in the light of new scientific evidence, long-term outcomes and accumulated experience. EAES has sponsored an update of previous guidelines on bariatric surgery. Methods: A multidisciplinary group of bariatric surgeons, obesity physicians, nutritional experts, psychologists, anesthetists and a patient representative comprised the guideline development panel. Development and reporting conformed to GRADE guidelines and AGREE II standards. Results: Systematic review of databases, record selection, data extraction and synthesis, evidence appraisal and evidence-to-decision frameworks were developed for 42 key questions in the domains Indication; Preoperative work-up; Perioperative management; Non-bypass, bypass and one-anastomosis procedures; Revisional surgery; Postoperative care; and Investigational procedures. A total of 36 recommendations and position statements were formed through a modified Delphi procedure. Conclusion: This document summarizes the latest evidence on bariatric surgery through state-of-the art guideline development, aiming to facilitate evidence-based clinical decisions

The Ontogenetic Osteohistology of Tenontosaurus tilletti

Tenontosaurus tilletti is an ornithopod dinosaur known from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) Cloverly and Antlers formations of the Western United States. It is represented by a large number of specimens spanning a number of ontogenetic stages, and these specimens have been collected across a wide geographic range (from central Montana to southern Oklahoma). Here I describe the long bone histology of T. tilletti and discuss histological variation at the individual, ontogenetic and geographic levels. The ontogenetic pattern of bone histology in T. tilletti is similar to that of other dinosaurs, reflecting extremely rapid growth early in life, and sustained rapid growth through sub-adult ontogeny. But unlike other iguanodontians, this dinosaur shows an extended multi-year period of slow growth as skeletal maturity approached. Evidence of termination of growth (e.g., an external fundamental system) is observed in only the largest individuals, although other histological signals in only slightly smaller specimens suggest a substantial slowing of growth later in life. Histological differences in the amount of remodeling and the number of lines of arrested growth varied among elements within individuals, but bone histology was conservative across sampled individuals of the species, despite known paleoenvironmental differences between the Antlers and Cloverly formations. The bone histology of T. tilletti indicates a much slower growth trajectory than observed for other iguanodontians (e.g., hadrosaurids), suggesting that those taxa reached much larger sizes than Tenontosaurus in a shorter time

Noise Cancellation: Viral Fine Tuning of the Cellular Environment for Its Own Genome Replication

Productive replication of DNA viruses elicits host cell DNA damage responses, which cause both beneficial and detrimental effects on viral replication. In response to the viral productive replication, host cells attempt to attenuate the S-phase cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activities to inhibit viral replication. However, accumulating evidence regarding interactions between viral factors and cellular signaling molecules indicate that viruses utilize them and selectively block the downstream signaling pathways that lead to attenuation of the high S-phase CDK activities required for viral replication. In this review, we describe the sophisticated strategy of Epstein-Barr virus to cancel such “noisy” host defense signals in order to hijack the cellular environment

Evaluation of appendicitis risk prediction models in adults with suspected appendicitis

Background Appendicitis is the most common general surgical emergency worldwide, but its diagnosis remains challenging. The aim of this study was to determine whether existing risk prediction models can reliably identify patients presenting to hospital in the UK with acute right iliac fossa (RIF) pain who are at low risk of appendicitis. Methods A systematic search was completed to identify all existing appendicitis risk prediction models. Models were validated using UK data from an international prospective cohort study that captured consecutive patients aged 16–45 years presenting to hospital with acute RIF in March to June 2017. The main outcome was best achievable model specificity (proportion of patients who did not have appendicitis correctly classified as low risk) whilst maintaining a failure rate below 5 per cent (proportion of patients identified as low risk who actually had appendicitis). Results Some 5345 patients across 154 UK hospitals were identified, of which two‐thirds (3613 of 5345, 67·6 per cent) were women. Women were more than twice as likely to undergo surgery with removal of a histologically normal appendix (272 of 964, 28·2 per cent) than men (120 of 993, 12·1 per cent) (relative risk 2·33, 95 per cent c.i. 1·92 to 2·84; P < 0·001). Of 15 validated risk prediction models, the Adult Appendicitis Score performed best (cut‐off score 8 or less, specificity 63·1 per cent, failure rate 3·7 per cent). The Appendicitis Inflammatory Response Score performed best for men (cut‐off score 2 or less, specificity 24·7 per cent, failure rate 2·4 per cent). Conclusion Women in the UK had a disproportionate risk of admission without surgical intervention and had high rates of normal appendicectomy. Risk prediction models to support shared decision‐making by identifying adults in the UK at low risk of appendicitis were identified

The Role of Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Technologies in Morbid Obesity Treatment: Review and Critical Appraisal of the Current Clinical Practice

Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for morbid obesity. Availability of different procedures with low complication rates, performed through a minimally invasive approach, have caused profound positive effect on patient's quality of life and has led to their worldwide, rapid expansion of the field. The laparoscopic revolution has introduced the concept of lowering more and more the treatments' invasiveness, leading to a change in the researchers' mentality. They are now constantly looking for reducing patients' discomfort through new methodologies and devices: aim of this review is to provide an in-depth analysis of the most promising, innovative procedures offering an alternative approach to "classic" laparoscopic procedures. They are described from their original development phases to the most recent experimental and clinical evidence. This review will discuss as well their future perspectives, and includes endoluminal techniques and/or procedures based on alternative concepts, all representing an appealing alternative to surgical approach. We conducted a MEDLINE for articles, clinical trials, and a patent search relating to the minimally invasive management of obesity, excluding intragastric balloons, SILS, and NOTES, and we selected 77 articles. Results are reported for each procedure/device, and discussed both in these paragraphs and in the final, general discussion. The concept of minimally invasive procedures continues to change and evolve over time with novel technologies emerging every year

Splenic Injury After Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Narrative Review

Introduction: Sleeve gastrectomy is the most commonly performed bariatric procedure worldwide. Splenic injury is a rare complication of sleeve gastrectomy, which is closely associated with some surgical steps such as dissection of the great curvature and transection of the gastrosplenic ligament with coagulation of the short gastric vessels. This review aims to search for cases of splenic injury reported in the literature, and to investigate the possible mechanism of this lesion.Methods: A systematic search of the electronic literature was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, WoS, and Embase medical databases using the search terms "sleeve gastrectomy," "splenic injury," and "splenic rupture."Results: A total of 66 articles were identified in the initial research. After review for inclusion criteria and analysis of the full text, 13 articles were included in the review. In all of the articles the degree of severity of the injury and the type of treatment have not been described. The majority of cases are splenic capsular tears, which are usually self-limiting. Five articles reported splenic rupture after sleeve gastrectomy. Three out of five of these cases are probably related to portal vein thrombosis.Conclusions: Splenic injury is a known rare complication of sleeve gastrectomy, but it may be underestimated. It is weakly reported in literature. We can suppose that enlarged liver, enlarged spleen, and enlarged gastric fundus are the major risk factors. It would be desirable to have more detailed data on the incidence of splenic injury and rupture to better evaluate risk factors, intraoperative findings, and management