Австралия и создание Демократической республики Восточный Тимор

The article considers the prerequisites and stages of creating a new independent state - democratic republic of East Timor. On focus are the role of Australia, neighboring states as well as the role of UN and international community in this process.В статье рассматриваются предпосылки и этапы создания нового государства - Демократическая республика Восточный Тимор. Раскрывается роль Австралии, соседних государств, а также ООН и международного сообщества в процессе обретения независимости народом Восточного Тимора

Отношение Австралии к восточно-тиморской проблеме в 1974-1996 гг.

In the article the author considers the reasons of East Timor problem, the factors which conditioned the Australian government attitude to the issue as well as the attitude of Indonesian government to this conflict resolution.В статье рассматриваются причины возникновения восточно-тиморской проблемы и выделяются факторы, определяющие позицию правительства Австралии по этому вопросу. Показано отношение правительства Индонезии к решению этого конфликта

О языке, переводе и компаративной стилистике

This article aims to show the complex relations between three components: language, translation and comparative stylistics in a context of teaching foreign languages. These different subjects should not be confused; they should rather be designed and organized according to their individual aims as well as their collective objectives, so that we may keep pace with the progress made in these fields.Статья рассматривает сложные взаимосвязи между языком, переводом и сравнительной стилистикой в контексте обучения иностранному языку. Эти три компонента не должны подменять друг друга, а должны рассматриваться как в соответствии с их индивидуальными задачами, так и общей целью - обучению языку

Anaphylaxis in Infants

Anaphylaxis is an extremely dangerous systemic hypersensitivity reaction that develops rapidly and can be fatal. Infants make up the most difficult group of patients with anaphylaxis, given the first episode of reaction occurring at an early age, there are age-related difficulties in interpreting complaints, unpredictability of clinical symptoms, prolonged process of diagnosis, and prescribing the appropriate treatment. These factors determine the risk of fatal outcomes, even in case of nearly healthy infants. For this group of patients, such problems as lack of available diagnostic tests, limited standard doses of epinephrine autoinjectors, the absence of predictors of occurrence, and severity of systemic allergic reactions are still relevant. This chapter presents the available information on the prevalence of anaphylaxis, the most common triggers, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, severity, and treatment in infants

Broadening the phenotypic spectrum of POP1-skeletal dysplasias: identification of POP1 mutations in a mild and severe skeletal dysplasia.

POP1 is a large protein common to the RNase-MRP and RNase-P (RMRP) endoribonucleoprotein complexes. Although its precise function is unknown, it appears to participate in the assembly or stability of both complexes. Numerous RMRP mutations have been reported in individuals with cartilage hair hypoplasia (CHH) but, to date, only three POP1 mutations have been described in two families with features similar to anauxetic dysplasia (AD). We present two further individuals, one with severe short stature and a relatively mild skeletal dysplasia and another in whom AD was suspected. Biallelic POP1 mutations were identified in both. A missense mutation and a novel single base deletion were detected in proband 1, p.[Pro582Ser]:[Glu870fs*5]. Markedly reduced abundance of RMRP and elevated levels of pre5.8 s rRNA was observed. In proband 2, a homozygous novel POP1 mutation was identified, p.[(Asp511Tyr)];[(Asp511Tyr)]. These two individuals demonstrate the phenotypic extremes in the clinical presentation of POP1-dysplasias. Although CHH and other skeletal dysplasias caused by mutations in RMRP or POP1 are commonly cited as ribosomal biogenesis disorders, recent studies question this assumption. We discuss the past and present knowledge about the function of the RMRP complex in skeletal development

Whole-exome re-sequencing in a family quartet identifies POP1 mutations as the cause of a novel skeletal dysplasia

Recent advances in DNA sequencing have enabled mapping of genes for monogenic traits in families with small pedigrees and even in unrelated cases. We report the identification of disease-causing mutations in a rare, severe, skeletal dysplasia, studying a family of two healthy unrelated parents and two affected children using whole-exome sequencing. The two affected daughters have clinical and radiographic features suggestive of anauxetic dysplasia (OMIM 607095), a rare form of dwarfism caused by mutations of RMRP. However, mutations of RMRP were excluded in this family by direct sequencing. Our studies identified two novel compound heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in POP1, which encodes a core component of the RNase mitochondrial RNA processing (RNase MRP) complex that directly interacts with the RMRP RNA domains that are affected in anauxetic dysplasia. We demonstrate that these mutations impair the integrity and activity of this complex and that they impair cell proliferation, providing likely molecular and cellular mechanisms by which POP1 mutations cause this severe skeletal dysplasia

Widespread occurrence of 5-methylcytosine in human coding and non-coding RNA

The modified base 5-methylcytosine (m5C) is well studied in DNA, but investigations of its prevalence in cellular RNA have been largely confined to tRNA and rRNA. In animals, the two m5C methyltransferases NSUN2 and TRDMT1 are known to modify specific tRNAs and have roles in the control of cell growth and differentiation. To map modified cytosine sites across a human transcriptome, we coupled bisulfite conversion of cellular RNA with next-generation sequencing. We confirmed 21 of the 28 previously known m5C sites in human tRNAs and identified 234 novel tRNA candidate sites, mostly in anticipated structural positions. Surprisingly, we discovered 10 275 sites in mRNAs and other non-coding RNAs. We observed that distribution of modified cytosines between RNA types was not random; within mRNAs they were enriched in the untranslated regions and near Argonaute binding regions. We also identified five new sites modified by NSUN2, broadening its known substrate range to another tRNA, the RPPH1 subunit of RNase P and two mRNAs. Our data demonstrates the widespread presence of modified cytosines throughout coding and non-coding sequences in a transcriptome, suggesting a broader role of this modification in the post-transcriptional control of cellular RNA function

GAMETOPHYTE DEFECTIVE 1, a Putative Subunit of RNases P/MRP, Is Essential for Female Gametogenesis and Male Competence in Arabidopsis

RNA biogenesis, including biosynthesis and maturation of rRNA, tRNA and mRNA, is a fundamental process that is critical for cell growth, division and differentiation. Previous studies showed that mutations in components involved in RNA biogenesis resulted in abnormalities in gametophyte and leaf development in Arabidopsis. In eukaryotes, RNases P/MRP (RNase mitochondrial RNA processing) are important ribonucleases that are responsible for processing of tRNA, and transcription of small non-coding RNAs. Here we report that Gametophyte Defective 1 (GAF1), a gene encoding a predicted protein subunit of RNases P/MRP, AtRPP30, plays a role in female gametophyte development and male competence. Embryo sacs were arrested at stages ranging from FG1 to FG7 in gaf1 mutant, suggesting that the progression of the gametophytic division during female gametogenesis was impaired in gaf1 mutant. In contrast, pollen development was not affected in gaf1. However, the fitness of the mutant pollen tube was weaker than that of the wild-type, leading to reduced transmission through the male gametes. GAF1 is featured as a typical RPP30 domain protein and interacts physically with AtPOP5, a homologue of RNases P/MRP subunit POP5 of yeast. Together, our data suggest that components of the RNases P/MRP family, such as RPP30, play important roles in gametophyte development and function in plants