Publish/subscribe protocol in wireless sensor networks: improved reliability and timeliness

The rapidly-evolving demand of applications using wireless sensor networks in several areas such as building and industrial automation or smart cities, among other, makes it necessary to determine and provide QoS support mechanisms which can satisfy the requirements of applications. In this paper we propose a mechanism that establishes different QoS levels, based on Publish/Subscribe model for wireless networks to meet application requirements, to provide reliable delivery of packet and timeliness. The first level delivers packets in a best effort way. The second one intends to provide reliable packet delivery with a novel approach for Retransmission Timeout (RTO) calculation, which adjusts the RTO depending on the subscriber Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). The third one provides the same reliable packet delivery as the second one, but in addition, it provides data aggregation trying to be efficient in terms of energy consumption and the use of network bandwidth. The last one provides timeliness in the packet delivery. We evaluate each QoS Level with several performance metrics such as PDR, Message Delivery Ratio, Duplicated and Retransmitted Packet Ratio and Packet Timeliness Ratio to demonstrate that our proposal provides significant improvements based on the increase of the PDR obtained.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

El catecismo medieval de Arnaldo de Barbazón, obispo de la Diócesis de Pamplona (1318 - 1355)

Sin resume

Iglesia, religiosidad y sociedad en el País Vasco durante el siglo XIV

This paper presents a short overview of the studies carried out in the Basque Country about the religious practices of the inhabitants of Álava, Guipúzcoa and Biscay throughout the XIVth century. At the same time, the paper suggests new lines of research that may provide a deeper insight into a topic that is extremely enlightening. Indeed, such investigations may lead to a better understanding of the manners and social behaviour as well as certain political attitudes maintained and even ostensibly held mainly by the Parientes Mayores of the local lineages and in a few cases by the authorities of the towns and cities of the Basque Country.Se realiza un estado de la cuestión de los estudios que se han elaborado en el País Vasco sobre la religiosidad de los alaveses, guipuzcoanos y vizcaínos durante el siglo XIV. Al mismo tiempo se proponen nuevas líneas de actuación con el propósito de profundizar en un tema clave para comprender mejor las actitudes, los comportamientos sociales y determinadas actuaciones políticas, abanderadas en este último caso sobre todo por los Parientes Mayores de los principales linajes solariegos y en menor medida por los dirigentes de las villas y ciudades vascas

La Edad Media en los mitos y leyendas de la historiografía vasca

It is general opinion that for a better understanding of the problems which historians would be facing along the 21st Century it is essential a serious survey of the works and opinions of those who dealt with them before us. History, as a science, has not been properly or methodological developed till recent years. Intellectuals or researchers without none or very poor historiographic background have been publishing books that they have tried to pass as faithful and reliable historical books. History has been often used to back up political or ideological opinions. It is not unusual that those authors paid little attention to the veracity of their statements among other reasons because they considered history as a literary gender where fables and fantasy were well received. But these approaches are superannuated today thanks to the efforts made by the Spanish universities on the field of historical research. This essay deals precisely with some of the clichés and myths of the Medieval Ages in the Basque CountryIt is general opinion that for a better understanding of the problems which historians would be facing along the 21st Century it is essential a serious survey of the works and opinions of those who dealt with them before us. History, as a science, has not been properly or methodological developed till recent years. Intellectuals or researchers without none or very poor historiographic background have been publishing books that they have tried to pass as faithful and reliable historical books. History has been often used to back up political or ideological opinions. It is not unusual that those authors paid little attention to the veracity of their statements among other reasons because they considered history as a literary gender where fables and fantasy were well received. But these approaches are superannuated today thanks to the efforts made by the Spanish universities on the field of historical research. This essay deals precisely with some of the clichés and myths of the Medieval Ages in the Basque Countr

Quality of Reporting and Adherence to ARRIVE Guidelines in Animal Studies for Chagas Disease Preclinical Drug Research: A Systematic Review

Publication of accurate and detailed descriptions of methods in research articles involving animals is essential for health scientists to accurately interpret published data, evaluate results and replicate findings. Inadequate reporting of key aspects of experimental design may reduce the impact of studies and could act as a barrier to translation of research findings. Reporting of animal use must be as comprehensive as possible in order to take advantage of every study and every animal used. Animal models are essential to understanding and assessing new chemotherapy candidates for Chagas disease pathology, a widespread parasitic disease with few treatment options currently available. A systematic review was carried out to compare ARRIVE guidelines recommendations with information provided in publications of preclinical studies for new anti-Trypanosoma cruzi compounds. A total of 83 publications were reviewed. Before ARRIVE guidelines, 69% of publications failed to report any macroenvironment information, compared to 57% after ARRIVE publication. Similar proportions were observed when evaluating reporting of microenvironmental information (56% vs. 61%). Also, before ARRIVE guidelines publication, only 13% of papers described animal gender, only 18% specified microbiological status and 13% reported randomized treatment assignment, among other essential information missing or incomplete. Unfortunately, publication of ARRIVE guidelines did not seem to enhance reporting quality, compared to papers appeared before ARRIVE publication. Our results suggest that there is a strong need for the scientific community to improve animal use description, animal models employed, transparent reporting and experiment design to facilitate its transfer and application to the affected human population. Full compliance with ARRIVE guidelines, or similar animal research reporting guidelines, would be an excellent start in this direction.Fil: Gulin, Julián Ernesto Nicolás. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños ; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rocco, Daniela Marisa. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños ; Argentina. Ministerio de Ciencia. Tecnología e Innovación Productiva. Agencia Nacional de Promoción Cientifíca y Tecnológica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: García Bournissen, Facundo. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños ; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Variation in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) catches related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation events at the entrance to the Gulf of California

Fishery catch data on yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) were examined to study the effects of El Niño events between 1990 and 1999 for an area in the northeastern tropical Pacific (18−24°N, 112−104°W). The data were extracted from a database of logbook records from the Mexican tuna purse-seine f leet. Latitudinal distribution of the catches increased from south to north for the 10-year period. Highest catches and effort were concentrated between 22°N and 23°N. This area accumulated 48% of the total catch over the 10year period. It was strongly correlated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. At least two periods of exceptionally high catches occurred following El Niño events in 1991 and 1997. Peaks of catches were triggered by the arrival of positive anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST) to the area. A delay of two to four months was observed between the occurrence of maximum SST anomalies at the equator and peaks of catch. Prior to these two events, negative SST anomalies were the dominant feature in the study area and catch was extremely low. This trend of negative SST anomalies with low catches followed by positive SST anomalies and high catches may be attributed to northward yellowfin tuna migration patterns driven by El Niño forcing, a result that contrasts with the known behavior of decreasing relative abundance of these tuna after El Niño events in the eastern Pacific. However, this decrease in relative abundance may be the result of a local or subregional effect

Fauna béntica de la zona litoral occidental del Lago Cocibolca

Se tomaron muestras en 11 localidades en las áreas de Granada y Rivas, en los períodos noviembre-diciembre de 1992 y Marzo-Abril de 1993. Se encontraron 16 especies de organismos bentónicos Se reportaron 7 especies de quironomidos distribuidos en 6 estaciones y su rango de población fue entre 20 y 327 ind/m2. Se reportaron 4 especies de moluscos. En la estación 2 ubicada frente a la desembocadura del Río Tipitapa, el molusco Pyrgophorus coronatus alcanzó hasta 1744 ind /m2. En esta localidad se encontraron 9 especies bentónicas. Se encontraron 2 especies de anélidos, una de nematodo, una de odonata y una especie de Chaoborus. En general, la diversidad fue mayor en las estaciones 2, ya indicada y 10 frente a San Jorge, ambas relativamente menos influenciadas por la actividad antropogénica. En las localidades 4 y 5, situadas frente a la ciudad de Granada y donde las aguas residuales son vertidas en el sistema, la diversidad fue menor con un promedio del poliqueto Limnodrilus sp. que alcanzó hasta 1025 inde/m2 en el punto 4. La mayoría de las especies mostraron poblaciones mayores en las estaciones 1 al 6 situadas en el área comprendida entre la desembocadura del Río Tipitapa y la Ciudad de Granada

Análisis compartivo de la integridad de la comunidad béntica en el Río San Juan

Se describe la variación de la composición específica, densidad poblacional y el comportamiento de los grupos funcionales del zoobentos en nueve localidades representativas del Río San Juan y algunos de sus tributarios, en muestras tomadas en los años 1993, 1994 y 1997. Los resultados muestran que en la mayoría de las estaciones el número de especies osciló entre 0 y 4. Sólo en Río Sarapiquí, en 1997, el número de especies fue de 15. La densidad poblacional por especie fue de 7-88 ind.m-² en un 90% de los casos. Pocas especies, tales como el oligoqueto Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri y quironómido Polypedilum sp., alcanzaron densidades mayores de 100 ind.m-². Sólo una especie, el gasterópodo Hydrobia sp., el cual se reportó una sola vez durante el estudio, alcanzó 305 ind.m-². En algunos puntos no se reportaron organismos bénticos durante el estudio. Los grupos funcionales mostraron una falta de integridad de la comunidad béntica. Sólo el 4% de los casos presentó tres grupos funcionales. En 51% de los casos se encontraron dos grupos funcionales. En los demás casos sólo se reportó un grupo o ninguno. Depredadores y Colectores fueron los grupos más frecuentemente encontrados compartiendo el mismo ambiente. La presencia de plaguicidas, desechos de actividad industrial y desechos orgánicos provenientes de las comunidades humanas asociadas al Río y su cuenca, podrían ser las causas que provocaron trastornos en la comunidad béntica de Río San Juan, en el período estudiado