Peran Mahkamah Konstitusi Dalam Mewujudkan Negara Hukum Yang Demokratis

The Constitutional Court is the state agency that was born after the reform in 1999. Through the changes to the Constitution of 1945, the Constitutional Court is authorized to examine  laws (acts) against the Constitution. In addition there are other powers to protect the fundamental rights relating to the constitutional rights of citizens. As a state agency has the authority of the Constitutional Court, among others, as the supreme interpreter of the constitution in addition to realizing the democratic government, the Constitutional Court to act as the guardian of democracy, protection of constitutional rights of citizens and the protection of human rights.Key words: the rule of law, democracy, constitutional cour

Odd-skipped genes specify the signaling center that triggers retinogenesis in Drosophila

5 páginas, 4 figuras.Although many of the factors responsible for conferring identity to the eye field in Drosophila have been identified, much less is known about how the expression of the retinal `trigger', the signaling molecule Hedgehog, is controlled. Here, we show that the co-expression of the conserved odd-skipped family genes at the posterior margin of the eye field is required to activate hedgehog expression and thereby the onset of retinogenesis. The fly Wnt1 homologue wingless represses the odd-skipped genes drm and odd along the anterior margin and, in this manner, spatially restricts the extent of retinal differentiation within the eye field.This work has been funded through grants BMC2003-06248 (Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain) and POCTI/BIA-BCM/56043/2004 [Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal], which are co-funded by FEDER, to F.C. C.B-P. and J.B. are funded by FCT.Peer reviewe

UPAYA KEPALA SEKOLAH DALAM MENINGKATKAN KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL GURU PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI SMP NEGERI 1 MASARAN SRAGEN TAHUN PELAJARAN 2016/2017

Erli Marlina (133111269). Upaya Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Kompetensi Profesional Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam di SMP Negeri 1 Masaran Sragen Tahun Pelajaran 2016/2017. Skripsi: Jurusan Pendidikan Agama Islam, Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan. Pembimbing : Drs. H. Suparmin, M.Pd Kata Kunci : Kepala Sekolah, Kompetensi Profesional, Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam Tercapainya tujuan pendidikan nasional akan sangat ditentukan oleh kemampuan dan kecakapan guru dalam melaksanakan tugas pembelajaran. Oleh karena itu guru harus memiliki kompetensi profesional. Akan tetapi disini guru sudah berkompeten dalam bidangnya. Sehingga hasil proses belajar mengajar berlangsung sudah baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui upaya yang dilakukan kepala sekolah dalam meningkatkan kompetensi profesional guru Pendidikan Agama Islam di SMP Negeri 1 Masaran Sragen. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif, penelitian ini dilakukan di SMP Negeri 1 Masaran Sragen dari bulan April sampai Juni 2017. Subyek penelitian ini adalah Kepala Sekolah SMP Negeri 1 Masaran Sragen, sedangkan informannya adalah guru Pendidikan Agama Islam dan guru Lainnya. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi, sedangkan pememeriksaan keabsahan datanya menggunakan teknik triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi metode sedangkan teknik analisisnya menggunakan teknik analisis interaktif, tahapan yang ditempuh adalah pengumpulan data, reduksi data, sajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa upaya yang dilakukan kepala sekolah dalam meningkatkan kompetensi profesional guru Pendidikan Agama Islam di SMP Negeri 1 Masaran Sragen adalah sebagai berikut: 1) menyediakan perpustakaan, karena perpustakaan guru mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting dalam menumbuhkan semangat membaca, tukar pikiran, dan memperluas cakrawala, 2) Mengadakan workshop, dengan workshop, akan menigkatkan kemampuan guru dalam mengelola pembelajaran, mulai dari perencanaan pembelajaran hingga evaluasi pembelajaran, 3) Mensupervisi, bertujuan untuk mengetahui secara langsung bagaimana kegiatan belajar mengajar, 4) Memberikan penghargaan (reward), dengan penghargaan guru akan semakin terpacu untuk mengukir prestasi yang positif dan produktif, 5) Komunikasi pribadi antara kepala sekolah dengan guru, dengan tujuan agar guru mampu menilai prestasi belajar siswa dengan kepentingan pengajarannya, 6) Mengikutkan diklat, dalam mengikutkan guru Pendidikan Agama Islam diklat diharapakan guru mampu menambah pengetahuannya dan wawasan, 7) Kegiatan MGMP guru Pendidikan Agama Islam diharapakan bisa saling memberikan masukan yang bisa memecahkan masalah dan menambah gagasan. Dari beberapa upaya yang dilakukan oleh kepala sekolah berpengaruh terhadap profesional guru Pendidikan Agama Islam dilandasi dengan mutu pendidikan meningkat

Penentuan Faktor-Faktor Pemilihan Park & Ride Sebagai Fasilitas Pergerakan Komuter Pada Koridor Bekasi-Jakarta

Kemacetan di DKI Jakarta terjadi karena adanya mobilitas penduduk JABODETABEK yang menggunakan kendaraan pribadi menuju DKI Jakarta setiap hari. Park & ride merupakan sebuah fasilitas penunjang moda transportasi KRL yang dapat mengalihkan pengguna pribadi untuk menggunakan moda transportasi KRL. Dalam optimalisasi fasilitas park & ride, perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk mencari faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan park & ride pada Koridor Bekasi-Jakarta. Dengan menggunakan teknik analisis crosstab dan korelasi bivariat, dihasilkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemilihan park & ride sebagai fasilitas pergerakan komuter pada Koridor Bekasi-Jakarta. Faktor-faktor yang memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap pemilihan park & ride sebagai fasilitas pergerakan komuter pada Koridor Bekasi-Jakarta adalah faktor biaya parkir, lama parkir, kenyamanan fasilitas parkir, jenis pekerjaan, maksud perjalanan, waktu tempuh KRL, jarak tempat tinggal menuju stasiun asal, jarak tempuh KRL, biaya perjalanan dan penggunaan moda pada stasiun pemberhentian. Dari 10 faktor tersebut, faktor maksud perjalanan memiliki nilai korelasi paling besar terhadap pemilihan park & ride sebagai fasilitas pergerakan komuter

Онлайн обучение: преимущества и недостатки

Рассмотрен метод онлайн обучения. Представлено сравнение образовательных сайтов

Cost-effectiveness of an integrated 'fast track' rehabilitation service for multi-trauma patients involving dedicated early rehabilitation intervention programs: design of a prospective, multi-centre, non-randomised clinical trial

Contains fulltext : 79649.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: In conventional multi-trauma care service (CTCS), patients are admitted to hospital via the accident & emergency room. After surgery they are transferred to the IC-unit followed by the general surgery ward. Ensuing treatment takes place in a hospital's outpatient clinic, a rehabilitation centre, a nursing home or the community. Typically, each of the CTCS partners may have its own more or less autonomous treatment perspective. Clinical evidence, however, suggests that an integrated multi-trauma rehabilitation approach ('Supported Fast-track multi-Trauma Rehabilitation Service': SFTRS), featuring: 1) earlier transfer to a specialised trauma rehabilitation unit; 2) earlier start of 'non-weight-bearing' training and multidisciplinary treatment; 3) well-documented treatment protocols; 4) early individual goal-setting; 5) co-ordination of treatment between trauma surgeon and physiatrist, and 6) shorter lengths-of-stay, may be more (cost-)effective.This paper describes the design of a prospective cohort study evaluating the (cost-) effectiveness of SFTRS relative to CTCS. METHODS/DESIGN: The study population includes multi-trauma patients, admitted to one of the participating hospitals, with an Injury Severity Scale score > = 16, complex multiple injuries in several extremities or complex pelvic and/or acetabulum fractures. In a prospective cohort study CTCS and SFTRS will be contrasted. The inclusion period is 19 months. The duration of follow-up is 12 months, with measurements taken at baseline, and at 3,6,9 and 12 months post-injury.Primary outcome measures are 'quality of life' (SF-36) and 'functional health status' (Functional Independence Measure). Secondary outcome measures are the Hospital Anxiety & Depression Scale, the Mini-Mental State Examination as an indicator of cognitive functioning, and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure measuring the extent to which individual ADL treatment goals are met. Costs will be assessed using the PROductivity and DISease Questionnaire and a cost questionnaire. DISCUSSION: The study will yield results on the efficiency of an adapted care service for multi-trauma patients (SFTRS) featuring earlier (and condensed) involvement of specialised rehabilitation treatment. Results will show whether improved SFTRS logistics, combined with shorter stays in hospital and rehabilitation clinic and specialised early rehabilitation training modules are more (cost-) effective, relative to CTCS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials register (ISRCTN68246661) and Netherlands Trial Register (NTR139)

Surface pretreatments for medical application of adhesion

Medical implants and prostheses (artificial hips, tendono- and ligament plasties) usually are multi-component systems that may be machined from one of three material classes: metals, plastics and ceramics. Typically, the body-sided bonding element is bone. The purpose of this contribution is to describe developments carried out to optimize the techniques , connecting prosthesis to bone, to be joined by an adhesive bone cement at their interface. Although bonding of organic polymers to inorganic or organic surfaces and to bone has a long history, there remains a serious obstacle in realizing long-term high-bonding strengths in the in vivo body environment of ever present high humidity. Therefore, different pretreatments, individually adapted to the actual combination of materials, are needed to assure long term adhesive strength and stability against hydrolysis. This pretreatment for metal alloys may be silica layering; for PE-plastics, a specific plasma activation; and for bone, amphiphilic layering systems such that the hydrophilic properties of bone become better adapted to the hydrophobic properties of the bone cement. Amphiphilic layering systems are related to those developed in dentistry for dentine bonding. Specific pretreatment can significantly increase bond strengths, particularly after long term immersion in water under conditions similar to those in the human body. The bond strength between bone and plastic for example can be increased by a factor approaching 50 (pealing work increasing from 30 N/m to 1500 N/m). This review article summarizes the multi-disciplined subject of adhesion and adhesives, considering the technology involved in the formation and mechanical performance of adhesives joints inside the human body

Single nucleus genome sequencing reveals high similarity among nuclei of an endomycorrhizal fungus

Nuclei of arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi have been described as highly diverse due to their asexual nature and absence of a single cell stage with only one nucleus. This has raised fundamental questions concerning speciation, selection and transmission of the genetic make-up to next generations. Although this concept has become textbook knowledge, it is only based on studying a few loci, including 45S rDNA. To provide a more comprehensive insight into the genetic makeup of arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi, we applied de novo genome sequencing of individual nuclei of Rhizophagus irregularis. This revealed a surprisingly low level of polymorphism between nuclei. In contrast, within a nucleus, the 45S rDNA repeat unit turned out to be highly diverged. This finding demystifies a long-lasting hypothesis on the complex genetic makeup of arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi. Subsequent genome assembly resulted in the first draft reference genome sequence of an arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungus. Its length is 141 Mbps, representing over 27,000 protein-coding gene models. We used the genomic sequence to reinvestigate the phylogenetic relationships of Rhizophagus irregularis with other fungal phyla. This unambiguously demonstrated that Glomeromycota are more closely related to Mucoromycotina than to its postulated sister Dikarya