The Bristol Stool Form Scale: its translation to Portuguese, cultural adaptation and validation Traducción, adaptación cultural y validación de la "Bristol Stool Form Scale" Tradução, adaptação cultural e validação da Bristol Stool Form Scale para a população brasileira

The Bristol Stool Form Scale is used for describing feces. The objective of this research was its translation, cultural adaptation and validation for Brazil. The methodology was translation, back-translation and discussion. Validation involved 85 nurses, 80 doctors, and 80 patients, who correlated images of seven types of feces with the descriptions. Results: there was a difference in sex distribution, with males predominating among the doctors and females among nurses and patients. In relation to concordance between definitions and pictures, the highest percentage was in type 5 in all three groups and the lowest was in types 6 and 7 for the doctors, in type 3 for the nurses, and type 6 for the patients. The general Kappa index was 0.826. Conclusion: the scale demonstrated high reliability for all the groups studied.<br>La "Bristol Stool Form Scale" es usada para describir las heces. Objetivo: traducción, adaptación cultural y la validación para ser utilizada en Brasil. Metodología: Fue realizada la traducción, la traducción inversa y la discusión final. Para validar, se incluyeron 85 enfermeros y 80 médicos y pacientes que correlacionaron diseños de siete tipos de heces con descripciones. Resultados - Hubo diferencia en cuanto a la distribución del sexo con predominio masculino entre los médicos y femenino para los enfermeros y pacientes. Con respecto a la concordancia entre los conceptos y las imágenes, la mayor concordancia fue del tipo 5 en cuanto que el de menor correspondencia para los médicos fueron los tipos 6 y 7, para los enfermeros el 3 y el 6 para los pacientes. El índice de Kappa general fue de 0,826. Conclusión: Los valores obtenidos demuestran la alta confiabilidad de este cuestionario con respecto a los grupos estudiados.<br>A Escala de Bristol para Consistência de Fezes é usada na descrição de fezes. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a tradução, adaptação cultural e validação para o Brasil, dessa escala. Como metodologia realizou-se a tradução, tradução reversa e discussão. Para essa validação, incluíram-se 85 enfermeiros e 80 médicos e pacientes que correlacionaram imagens de sete tipos de fezes com descrições. Os resultados mostraram que houve diferença de distribuição do sexo, com predomínio do sexo masculino para médicos e feminino para enfermeiros e pacientes. Em relação à concordância entre definições e imagens, o maior percentual, no tipo 5, e os menores percentuais, nos tipos 6 e 7, relacionaram-se aos médicos; no tipo 3 referiram-se aos enfermeiros e no tipo 6 aos pacientes. O índice Kappa geral foi de 0,826. Conclui-se que a escala demonstrou alta confiabilidade em todos os grupos estudados

Diagnostic tools for bacterial infections in travellers: Current and future options

International audienceInternational travel has increased dramatically over the past 50 years, and travel destinations have diversified. Although physicians are more familiar with the panel of aetiological agents responsible for illnesses of returning travellers, thanks to regular epidemiological studies, the spectrum of pathogens potentially encountered in various travel destinations is nevertheless increasing. In addition, the wide array of approaches currently available and addressed in this paper could render the procedures for microbiological analyses increasingly complex. As the time to result is crucial to adequately manage patients, modern approaches have been developed to shorten diagnosis delays. The syndromic approach, which consists of simultaneously testing a wide panel of microorganisms, substantially increases the diagnostic yield with significant time savings, particularly when coupled with point-of-care laboratories. The tools commonly used for this purpose are immunochromatographic tests, mainly targeting bacterial antigens, and multiplex real-time PCR. The emergence of next-generation sequencing technologies, which enable random amplification of genetic material of any microbe present in a clinical specimen, provides further exciting perspectives in the diagnosis of infectious diseases