La restauración de la pintura novohispana en México: de la práctica artística a la disciplina profesional

This article discusses the history of restoration of the pintura Novohsipana that took place in Mexico focusing on institutions and state policies since the second half of the nineteenth century. It considers as a starting point the activities undertaken by the artists belonging to the Antigua Academia San Carlos. In this context, we will see how the need –almost emergency– to rescue and preserve the pictorial colonial heritage not only triggered the practice of conservation and restoration, but also the legal protection, study and research of this type of heritage. Conservation and restoration of painting was an artistic practice, involving experimenting directly on the works and applying empirical methods until the 1960's when it was professionalized and turned into higher education degree.Este artículo aborda la historia de la restauración de la pintura novohispana en México que tomó forma dentro del margen de las instituciones y políticas del Estado desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y considerando como punto de partida las actividades desarrolladas por los artistas de la Antigua Academia de San Carlos. En este contexto, se verá cómo la necesidad –casi urgencia- por rescatar y salvaguardar el patrimonio pictórico virreinal detonó la práctica de la conservación y restauración, así como su protección legal, estudio e investigación. La conservación y restauración de pintura transitó entre la práctica artística, la experimentación directamente sobre las obras y la aplicación de métodos empíricos hasta consolidarse en un proyecto de profesionalización de la disciplina como carrera de educación superior durante la década de 1960

Transmembrane anion transport and cytotoxicity of synthetic tambjamine analogs

Ten synthetic analogs of the marine alkaloids tambjamines, bearing aromatic enamine moieties, have been synthesized. These compounds proved to be highly efficient transmembrane anion transporters in model liposomes. Changes in the electronic nature of the substituents of the aromatic enamine or the alkoxy group of the central pyrrole group did not affect this anionophore activity. The in vitro activity of these compounds has also been studied. They trigger apoptosis in several cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the low micromolar range as well as modify the intracellular pH, inducing the basification of acidic organelles.Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León (Project BU340U13) and Fundació la Maratón de TV3

Engagement y satisfacción laboral en colaboradores de una institución de salud pública de Chiclayo, 2022

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo general determinar la relación entre engagement y satisfacción laboral en colaboradores de una institución de salud pública Chiclayo 2022. El tipo de investigación fue aplicada, descriptivocorrelacional, con un diseño no experimental y transeccional. La muestra la conformaron 87 colaboradores, de las edades 24 a 75 años. Se utilizaron como instrumentos el cuestionario Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-15) para evaluar el engagement y la escala Satisfacción Laboral. Entre nuestros resultados, se evidencia la existencia de correlación significativa y positiva entre las variables; además, concierne al engagement prevaleció el nivel alto con un 41,1%, del mismo modo, para satisfacción laboral prevaleció el nivel alto con un 47,3%. Por lo tanto, se concluye que, a mayores niveles de satisfacción laboral, mayor será el engagement de los colaboradores

Propuesta de modelo para la obtención de ventajas competitivas en el sector hotelero

Este estudio del sector hotelero pretende identificar la relación entre el aprendizaje continuo, la transferencia de conocimiento y la innovación como un medio para lograr ventajas competitivas sostenibles. En un sector cada vez más complejo, los hoteles deben reinventarse continuamente para sobrevivir. El objetivo de este estudio es la identificación de áreas en dónde las empresas puedan mantener la supervivencia o crecer a pesar de la dura y dinámica competencia.This study of the hotel sector aims to identify the relationship between continuous learning, knowledge-sharing and innovation as a means of achieving profitable competitive advantages. In an ever more complex sector, hotels have to continually reinvent themselves to survive and this study identifies areas in which survival and growth can be sustained despite severe and dynamic competition

Hyponatremia influences the outcome of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: an analysis of the CANONIC study

INTRODUCTION: Hyponatremia is a marker of poor prognosis in patients with cirrhosis. This analysis aimed to assess if hyponatremia also has prognostic value in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), a syndrome characterized by acute decompensation of cirrhosis, organ failure(s) and high short-term mortality. METHODS: We performed an analysis of the Chronic Liver Failure Consortium CANONIC database in 1,341 consecutive patients admitted to 29 European centers with acute decompensation of cirrhosis (including ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, or bacterial infections, or any combination of these), both with and without associated ACLF (301 and 1,040 respectively). RESULTS: Of the 301 patients with ACLF, 24.3% had hyponatremia at inclusion compared to 12.3% of 1,040 patients without ACLF (P <0.001). Model for end-stage liver disease, Child-Pugh and chronic liver failure-SOFA scores were significantly higher in patients with ACLF and hyponatremia compared to those without hyponatremia. The presence of hyponatremia (at inclusion or during hospitalization) was a predictive factor of survival both in patients with and without ACLF. The presence of hyponatremia and ACLF was found to have an independent effect on 90-day survival after adjusting for the potential confounders. Hyponatremia in non-ACLF patients nearly doubled the risk (hazard ratio (HR) 1.81 (1.33 to 2.47)) of dying at 90 days. However, when considering patients with both factors (ACLF and hyponatremia) the relative risk of dying at 90 days was significantly higher (HR 6.85 (3.85 to 12.19) than for patients without both factors. Patients with hyponatremia and ACLF had a three-month transplant-free survival of only 35.8% compared to 58.7% in those with ACLF without hyponatremia (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of hyponatremia is an independent predictive factor of survival in patients with ACLF. In cirrhosis, outcome of patients with ACLF is dependent on its association with hyponatremia

Barreiras e facilitadores da vacinação contra influenza observados por funcionários dos programas nacionais de imunização em países Sul-Americanos com diferentes níveis de cobertura

Influenza is a severe, vaccine-preventable disease. Vaccination programs across Latin American countries show contrasting coverage rates, from 29% in Paraguay to 89% in Brazil. This study explores how national influenza vaccination programs in the chosen South American countries address vaccine confidence and convenience, as well as complacency toward the disease. Barriers and facilitators to influenza vaccination programs in their relation to vaccine hesitancy were observed by documentary analysis and interviews with 38 national immunization program officers in high- (Brazil and Chile) and lowperforming (Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay) countries. Influenza vaccination policies, financing, purchasing, coordination, and accessibility are considered good or acceptable. National communication strategies focus on vaccine availability during campaigns. In Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, anti-vaccine propaganda was mentioned as a problem. Programming and implementation face human resource shortages across most countries. Statistical information, health information systems, and nominal risk-group records are available, with limitations in Peru and Paraguay. Health promotion, supervision, monitoring, and evaluation are perceived as opportunities to address confidence and complacency. Influenza vaccination programs identify and act on most barriers and facilitators affecting influenza vaccine hesitancy via supply-side strategies which mostly address vaccine convenience. Confidence and complacency are insufficiently addressed, except for Uruguay. Programs have the opportunity to develop integral supply and demand-side approaches.La gripe es una enfermedad grave, prevenible mediante vacunas con sus correspondientes programas en países latinoamericanos, informando sobre tasas contrastadas de cobertura, desde el 29% en Paraguay al 89% en Brasil. Este artículo investiga cómo los programas nacionales contra la gripe en países seleccionados de Suramérica abordan la confianza en la vacuna y su conveniencia, así como también la complacencia hacia la enfermedad. Las barreras y facilitadores del programa de vacunación de la gripe, en su relación con la vacilación hacia la vacuna, se observaron mediante análisis documental y entrevistas a 38 a cargo de los programas nacionales de inmunización en países con alto (Brasil y Chile) y bajo desempeño (Paraguay, Perú y Uruguay). Políticas de vacunación contra la gripe, financiamiento, compras coordinación y accesibilidad fueron consideradas como buenas o aceptables. Las estrategias nacionales de comunicación se centran en la disponibilidad de la vacuna durante las campañas. En Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay la propaganda antivacunas fue mencionada como un problema. La planificación e implementación enfrentan escasez de recursos humanos en la mayoría de países a través de la mayoría de países. Los sistemas de información en salud, estadísticas y registros nominales por grupos de riesgo se encuentran disponibles con limitaciones en Perú y Paraguay. La promoción de la salud, supervisión, monitoreo y evaluación son percibidos como oportunidades para abordar la confianza y complacencia. Los programas de vacunación contra la gripe actúan principalmente sobre las barreras y facilitadores que afectan la vacilación a vacunarse mediante estrategias del lado de la demanda, las cuales en su mayor parte van dirigidas a contrarestar la conveniencia. La confianza y complacencia son insuficientemente abordadas en todos los países, excepto en Uruguay. Los programas tienen la oportunidad de desarrollar estrategias que aborden tanto el lado de la oferta como de la demanda.A influenza é uma doença grave, imunoprevenível, para a qual os programas de vacinação nos países latino-americanos apresentam taxas de cobertura contrastantes, desde 29% no Paraguai até 89% no Brasil. O artigo explora de que maneira os programas nacionais de influenza em países selecionados da América do Sul lidam com a confiança e a conveniência da vacina, assim como, a acomodação em relação à doença. As barreiras e facilitadores dos programas de vacinação contra influenza foram observados em relação à hesitação vacinal, através de análise documental e entrevistas com 38 autoridades de programas nacionais de imunização em países com desempenho alto (Brasil e Chile) e baixo (Paraguai, Peru e Uruguai). As políticas de vacinação contra influenza, financiamento da compra de vacinas, coordenação e acessibilidade são consideradas boas ou aceitáveis. As estratégias nacionais de comunicação estão concentradas na disponibilidade durante campanhas. No Chile, Paraguai e Uruguay, a propaganda antivacina foi mencionada enquanto problema. A programação e a implementação enfrentam escassez de recursos humanos na maioria dos países. Dados estatísticos, sistemas de informação em saúde e registros nominais de grupos de risco estão disponíveis, com limitações no Peru e no Paraguai. A promoção da saúde, supervisão, monitoramento e avaliação foram percebidas como oportunidades para tratar da confiança e da acomodação. Os programas de vacinação contra influenza identificam e agem sobre a maioria das barreiras e facilitadores que afetam a hesitação vacinal através de estratégias do lado da oferta, tratando principalmente da conveniência da vacina. A confiança e a acomodação não são tratadas de maneira suficiente, com exceção notável do Uruguai. Os programas têm a oportunidade de desenvolver abordagens que integram os lados da oferta e da procura

Influenza vaccination hesitancy in five countries of South America : confidence, complacency and convenience as determinants of immunization rates

Introduction: Influenza morbidity and mortality are significant in the countries of South America, yet influenza vaccination is as low as 56.7% among pregnant women, reaching 76.7% of adults with chronic diseases. This article measures the relative values for the vaccination hesitancy indicators of confidence, complacency and convenience by risk-groups in urban areas of five countries of South America with contrasting vaccination rates, analyzing their association with sociodemographic variables and self-reported immunization status. Methods: An exit survey was applied to 640 individuals per country in Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay, distributed equally across risk groups of older adults, adults with risk factors, children <=6 and pregnant women. Indicators were constructed for vaccine confidence, complacency and convenience. Analysis of variance and multiple logistic analysis was undertaken. Results: Adults with risk factors are somewhat more confident of the influenza vaccine yet also more complacent. Convenience is higher for mothers of minors. Children and older adults report higher levels of vaccination. The 3Cs are more different across countries than across risk groups, with values for Chile higher for confidence and those for Uruguay the lowest. Complacency is lower in Brazil and higher in Uruguay. Results suggest that confidence and complacency affect vaccination rates across risk groups and countries. Conclusions: Influenza vaccine confidence, complacency and convenience have to be bolstered to improve effective coverage across all risk groups in the urban areas of the countries studied. The role played by country contextual and national vaccination programs has to be further researched in relation to effective coverage of influenza vaccine

First GIS analysis of modern stone tools used by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Bossou, Guinea, West Africa

Stone tool use by wild chimpanzees of West Africa offers a unique opportunity to explore the evolutionary roots of technology during human evolution. However, detailed analyses of chimpanzee stone artifacts are still lacking, thus precluding a comparison with the earliest archaeological record. This paper presents the first systematic study of stone tools used by wild chimpanzees to crack open nuts in Bossou (Guinea-Conakry), and applies pioneering analytical techniques to such artifacts. Automatic morphometric GIS classification enabled to create maps of use wear over the stone tools (anvils, hammers, and hammers/anvils), which were blind tested with GIS spatial analysis of damage patterns identified visually. Our analysis shows that chimpanzee stone tool use wear can be systematized and specific damage patterns discerned, allowing to discriminate between active and passive pounders in lithic assemblages. In summary, our results demonstrate the heuristic potential of combined suites of GIS techniques for the analysis of battered artifacts, and have enabled creating a referential framework of analysis in which wild chimpanzee battered tools can for the first time be directly compared to the early archaeological record.Leverhulme Trust [IN-052]; MEXT [20002001, 24000001]; JSPS-U04-PWS; FCT-Portugal [SFRH/BD/36169/2007]; Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Researc

Análisis de la colección pictórica de los siglos XV-XVI del Museo de Bellas Artes de Sevilla mediante técnicas nucleares no destructivas

Se presenta en esta comunicación un proyecto de investigación interdisciplinar dedicado a la caracterización de obras de los siglos XV y XVI del Museo de Bellas Artes de Sevilla, que cuenta con una excepcional colección pictórica y de otras obras de arte. Incluye expertos tanto del campo de humanidades como de ciencias. El trabajo desarrollado dentro del proyecto aporta una importante información sobre materiales constitutivos de las distintas obras, sobre todo pigmentos inorgánicos. Para la caracterización de las obras se emplean técnicas de análisis no destructivas. Entre ellas la más usada es la Fluorescencia de rayos X (XRF), empleando un equipo portátil que posibilita el desplazamiento a las salas de la colección permanente, al almacén o al taller de restauración del propio Museo. Se está integrando también al proceso del análisis un examen previo con luz UV y con reflectografía IR que permiten ver posibles retoques y dibujos subyacentes respectivamente. Se ha establecido una colaboración con expertos de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, donde se encuentran varias obras de pintores sevillanos y flamencos del siglo XVI, como por ejemplo Alonso Vázquez y Martín de Vos, cuyas obras podemos encontrar a ambos lados del Atlántico. El estudio comparativo de las obras seleccionadas de estos autores, empleando además el mismo procedimiento analítico, es el principal objetivo de dicha colaboración

A phase 2 trial of neoadjuvant metformin in combination with trastuzumab and chemotherapy in women with early HER2-positive breast cancer: the METTEN study

The METTEN study assessed the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of adding metformin to neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus trastuzumab in early HER2-positive breast cancer (BC). Women with primary, non-metastatic HER2-positive BC were randomized (1:1) to receive metformin (850 mg twice-daily) for 24 weeks concurrently with 12 cycles of weekly paclitaxel plus trastuzumab, followed by four cycles of 3-weekly FE75C plus trastuzumab (arm A), or equivalent regimen without metformin (arm B), followed by surgery. Primary endpoint was the rate of pathological complete response (pCR) in the per-protocol efficacy population. pCR rate was numerically higher in the metformin-containing arm A (19 of 29 patients [65.5%, 95% CI: 47.3-80.1]) than in arm B (17 of 29 patients [58.6%, 95% CI: 40.7-74.5]; OR 1.34 [95% CI: 0.46-3.89], P = 0.589). The rate of breast-conserving surgery was 79.3% and 58.6% in arm A and B (P = 0.089), respectively. Blood metformin concentrations (6.2 μmol/L, 95% CI: 3.6-8.8) were within the therapeutic range. Seventy-six percent of patients completed the metformin-containing regimen; 13% of patients in arm A dropped out because of metformin-related gastrointestinal symptoms. The most common adverse events (AEs) of grade ≥3 were neutropenia in both arms and diarrhea in arm A. None of the serious AEs was deemed to be metformin-related. Addition of anti-diabetic doses of metformin to a complex neoadjuvant regimen was well tolerated and safe. Because the study was underpowered relative to its primary endpoint, the efficacy data should be interpreted with caution