Sistema penal : ¿cómo responder a las muertes del tránsito automotor?

Fil: Elbert, Carlos Alberto. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Faculta de Derecho. Cátedra Derecho Penal y Criminología; Argentina.Durante períodos cortos, que después resultan cíclicos y alternativos, nuestro país se ve conmocionado\npor hechos dañosos, con víctimas fatales, que despiertan expectación y provocan el transitorio\nprotagonismo mediático de familiares y allegados, reclamando contra las leyes, las autoridades o los\njueces y sus fallos y excarcelaciones. Los accidentes de tránsito son, nuevamente, los que atraen el mayor\ninterés de la información y la sociedad; en particular, aquellos que se relacionan con la fuga de los\nconductores luego de atropellar a personas. ¿Qué responsabilidad le toca al sistema judicial? ¿Qué\nherramientas son puestas en juego en los casos de muerte por accidentes de tránsito

La investigación criminológica y los modelos de control en América Latina

Criminology is fraught with problems of the globalized world and the major difficulty in initiating a study on the subject, is to establish a critical aspect that allows it. It is estimated that two approaches can be analytical like the situation and penal law, prison and if criminology is a science with its own methodology andits relationship with other disciplines.La criminología está cargada de problemas del mundo globalizado y la principal dificultad para iniciar un estudio sobre el particular, radica en establecer un aspecto crítico que permita hacerlo. Se estima que pueden ser dos enfoques analíticos como son la situación penal, procesal, penitenciaria y si la criminología es una ciencia con metodología propia y su vinculación con otras disciplinas

Cárceles y penas, al filo del tercer milenio

Fil: Elbert, Carlos Alberto. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Derecho. Buenos Aires, Argentin

Lempel-Ziv complexity in schizophrenia: A MEG study

Objective The neurodevelopmental–neurodegenerative debate is a basic issue in the field of the neuropathological basis of schizophrenia (SCH). Neurophysiological techniques have been scarcely involved in such debate, but nonlinear analysis methods may contribute to it. Methods Fifteen patients (age range 23–42 years) matching DSM IV-TR criteria for SCH, and 15 sex- and age-matched control subjects (age range 23–42 years) underwent a resting-state magnetoencephalographic evaluation and Lempel–Ziv complexity (LZC) scores were calculated. Results Regression analyses indicated that LZC values were strongly dependent on age. Complexity scores increased as a function of age in controls, while SCH patients exhibited a progressive reduction of LZC values. A logistic model including LZC scores, age and the interaction of both variables allowed the classification of patients and controls with high sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions Results demonstrated that SCH patients failed to follow the “normal” process of complexity increase as a function of age. In addition, SCH patients exhibited a significant reduction of complexity scores as a function of age, thus paralleling the pattern observed in neurodegenerative diseases. Significance Our results support the notion of a progressive defect in SCH, which does not contradict the existence of a basic neurodevelopmental alteration. Highlights ► Schizophrenic patients show higher complexity values as compared to controls. ► Schizophrenic patients showed a tendency to reduced complexity values as a function of age while controls showed the opposite tendency. ► The tendency observed in schizophrenic patients parallels the tendency observed in Alzheimer disease patients

Land, Environmental Externalities and Tourism Development

In a two sectors dynamic model we analyze the process of tourism development based on the accumulation of capital (building of tourism facilities) and the reallocation of land from traditional activities to the tourism sector. The model incorporates the conflict between occupation of the territory by the tourism facilities, other productive activities and availability of cultural, natural and environmental assets that are valued by residents and visitors. We characterize the process of tourism development in two settings: the socially optimal solution and a situation where the costs of tourism expansion are external to the decision makers, where externalities on residents as well as intraindustry externalities are considered. Regarding the optimal solution, we show that it is optimal to limit tourism expansion before it reaches its maximum capacity even in a context where the economic attractiveness of tourism relative to other productive sectors rise continuously. However, in this context and when all the costs of tourism development are externalities the only limit to tourism quantitative expansion is its maximum capacity determined by the availability of land. Finally, we show that excessive environmental degradation from the future generations' point of view is not a problem of discounting the future but rather a problem of externalities that affects negatively the current and future generations

Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Short-term treatment for people with type 2 diabetes using a low dose of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan reduces albuminuria without causing significant sodium retention. We report the long-term effects of treatment with atrasentan on major renal outcomes. Methods: We did this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at 689 sites in 41 countries. We enrolled adults aged 18–85 years with type 2 diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)25–75 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 of body surface area, and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)of 300–5000 mg/g who had received maximum labelled or tolerated renin–angiotensin system inhibition for at least 4 weeks. Participants were given atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily during an enrichment period before random group assignment. Those with a UACR decrease of at least 30% with no substantial fluid retention during the enrichment period (responders)were included in the double-blind treatment period. Responders were randomly assigned to receive either atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily or placebo. All patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was a composite of doubling of serum creatinine (sustained for ≥30 days)or end-stage kidney disease (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 sustained for ≥90 days, chronic dialysis for ≥90 days, kidney transplantation, or death from kidney failure)in the intention-to-treat population of all responders. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of their assigned study treatment. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01858532. Findings: Between May 17, 2013, and July 13, 2017, 11 087 patients were screened; 5117 entered the enrichment period, and 4711 completed the enrichment period. Of these, 2648 patients were responders and were randomly assigned to the atrasentan group (n=1325)or placebo group (n=1323). Median follow-up was 2·2 years (IQR 1·4–2·9). 79 (6·0%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 105 (7·9%)of 1323 in the placebo group had a primary composite renal endpoint event (hazard ratio [HR]0·65 [95% CI 0·49–0·88]; p=0·0047). Fluid retention and anaemia adverse events, which have been previously attributed to endothelin receptor antagonists, were more frequent in the atrasentan group than in the placebo group. Hospital admission for heart failure occurred in 47 (3·5%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 34 (2·6%)of 1323 patients in the placebo group (HR 1·33 [95% CI 0·85–2·07]; p=0·208). 58 (4·4%)patients in the atrasentan group and 52 (3·9%)in the placebo group died (HR 1·09 [95% CI 0·75–1·59]; p=0·65). Interpretation: Atrasentan reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease who were selected to optimise efficacy and safety. These data support a potential role for selective endothelin receptor antagonists in protecting renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. Funding: AbbVie

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

La inseguridad y el temor al delito en la sociedad global

This paper aims to analyze how from the negative effects of Neoliberal Economic Globalization, in peripheral countries and core countries, increased the feeling of insecurity, consequently resulting in a reduction of tolerance and a disproportionate increase in mistrust, violence and social stigma towards those who are different or strange situations that are disseminated by the media, which promote an overall sense of insecurity. With the "downsizing" state with this policy implementation, were strongly affected entities Police, which paved the way for privatization, becoming a service, which can only be accessed by those who can afford it. This change in the policies of social control and criminalization processes resulted in a different perception of common crime, becoming considered as terrorist acts, which will show how in most cases theseperceptions are constructed through policies and states of emergency in democratic contexts and whose harmful effects are unfortunately forgottenEl presente escrito pretende analizar  cómo a partir de los efectos negativos de la Globalización Económica Neoliberal, tanto en países periféricos como en los países del centro, aumentaron el sentimiento de inseguridad, trayendo como consecuencia una disminución de la tolerancia y un aumento desproporcionado de la desconfianza, la violencia y los estigmas sociales hacia quien es diferente o extraño, situaciones que son difundidas por los medios de comunicación, los cuales promueven una sensación global de inseguridad. Con el “achicamiento” del Estado con esta implementación de políticas, resultaron fuertemente afectados los entes de Policía, lo cual abrió paso a la privatización, convirtiéndose en un servicio más, al cual solo pueden acceder quienes puedan costearla. Este cambio en las políticas de control social y en los procesos de criminalización trajo como consecuencia una percepción diferente de la delincuencia común, pasando a ser considerados como actos terroristas, lo cual se mostrará qué en la mayoría de los casos estas percepciones se construyen a través de políticas y estados de excepción en contextos democráticos y cuyos nocivos efectos lamentablemente son olvidados

¿Qué queda de la criminología?

El presente trabajo aspira a analizar la naturaleza de la criminología en el plano científico así como llevar a cabo un resumen de lo acontecido en el ámbito de nuestros países a lo largo del siglo XX. Ello incluye la consideración del carácter científico de la Criminología, su presencia en tiempos posmodernos o su naturaleza interdisciplinar y sistematizada.This paper studies the nature of Criminology in the scientific realm, as well as its development in our countries in the last Century. It includes the discussion of its scientific character, its role in posmodern times or its interdisciplinary and systematic nature