4,815 research outputs found
Intestinal Effects of Dietary Betaine in Piglets
The study was conducted to investigate the effects of graded dietary inclusion levels
of betaine on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities and intestinal bacterial fermentation
characteristics in piglets. A total of 8 barrows (BW 7.9 kg) was fitted with simple T-cannulas at the
distal ileum. The animals were randomly allocated to 1 of the 4 assay diets with 2 pigs per treatment in
4 repeated measurement periods. The assay diets included a basal diet based on wheat, barley and
soybean meal alone, or supplemented with a liquid betaine product at dietary levels of 1.5, 3.0, or 6.0
g betaine kg–1
diet (as–fed). Ileal digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)
increased both quadratically and linearly (P<0.05), and ileal digestibility of glycine increased linearly
as dietary betaine level increased (P<0.05). Moreover, there were linear increases in the concentrations
of ileal D–lactic acid (P<0.05), indicating intensified intestinal bacterial activities as dietary betaine
level increased. At the fecal level, total tract crude protein (CP) digestibility increased quadratically
(P<0.05), and digestibility of amino acids (AA) tended to increase quadratically (P=0.06 to P=0.11),
except for proline (P>0.05), as dietary betaine level increased. The increased bacterial degradation of
CP and AA in the large intestine coincides with the linear increase (P<0.05) in fecal diaminopimelic
acid concentrations, indicating enhanced intestinal bacterial growth with increasing dietary betaine
levels. In most cases, there was a response in the variables that were measured up to 3.0 g betaine per
kg diet, whereas increasing the betaine level from 3.0 to 6.0 g betaine per kg diet had no additional
effect. It can be concluded that dietary betaine stimulates microbial fermentation of fiber in the small
intestine, leaving less fermentable fiber to reach the large intestine and therefore, increased microbial
degradation of protein in the large intestine may occur.
Keywords: piglets, betaine, digestibility, bacterial fermentation, microflor
Betaine, organic acids and inulin do not affect ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility or microbial fermentation in piglets
The study was conducted to investigate the effects of betaine alone or combined with organic acids and inulin on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities and intestinal microbial fermentation characteristics in piglets. In total, 24 four-week-old barrows with an average initial body weight of 6.7 kg were used in two consecutive experiments with 12 piglets each. Betaine, organic acids and inulin at a level of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.2%, respectively, or combinations of these supplements were added to the basal diet. The supplementation of betaine, organic acids and inulin or any of their combinations did not affect ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities. The microbial fermentation products both at the ileal and faecal level were not affected by any of the treatments. In conclusion, combining betaine with organic acids and inulin did not have any associated effects on the variables that were measured
Women’s perceptions of everyday occupations: outcomes of the Redesigning Daily Occupations (ReDO) programme
Effect of graded levels of dietary betaine on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities and intestinal bacterial metabolites in piglets*
The study was conducted to investigate the effects of graded dietary
inclusion levels of betaine on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities
and intestinal bacterial metabolites in piglets. A total of eight barrows
with an average initial body weight of 7.9 kg were randomly allocated
to one of the four assay diets with two pigs per treatment in four
repeated measurement periods. The assay diets included a basal diet
based on wheat, barley and soybean meal alone, or supplemented with
a liquid betaine product at dietary levels of 1.5, 3.0, or 6.0 g betaine per
kilogram diet (as-fed). Ileal digestibilities of dry matter and neutral
detergent fibre increased both quadratically and linearly, and ileal
digestibility of glycine increased linearly as dietary betaine level
increased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, total tract digestibility of crude pro-
tein increased quadratically (p < 0.05) and total tract digestibilities of
most amino acids tended to increase quadratically (p = 0.06 to p = 0.11)
with increasing dietary betaine level. Moreover, there were linear
increases in the concentrations of most bacterial metabolites which were
significant p < 0.05 for ileal d-lactic acid and for faecal diaminopimelic
acid. The results demonstrate that dietary betaine supplementation stim-
ulates bacterial fermentation of fibre in the small intestine and bacterial
degradation of crude protein in the large intestine
Validity of Two Methods for Assessing Oral Health Status of Populations
Objective : This investigation assessed two methods for estimating epidemiologic indicators of oral health status among children: (1) a visual-only screening, performed independently by a dental hygienist and a registered nurse; and (2) a parent- or guardian-completed questionnaire. The indicators included dichotomous variables measuring dental caries and treatment needs, presence of sealants, injuries to the anterior teeth, and dental fluorosis. Methods : Following training and calibration, data were collected over an eight-day period in April 1994 among 632 elementary schoolchildren (aged 5 to 12 years) in Monticello, Georgia. Both screening and questionnaire findings were compared pairwise with results from visual-tactile examinations done by a dentist. Validity, represented by sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values, was assessed for screening results from the dental hygienist, the nurse, and the parent-completed questionnaire. Results : Validity was high for screening for caries and treatment needs (>90% for sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values in a sample having 30% to 40% prevalence). Less valid data — mainly an effect of false negatives — were obtained for fluorosis, injuries, and presence of sealants. No significant difference in validity was observed between the nurse and the dental hygienist. One-third of respondents to the questionnaire did not know if their children needed fillings (a proxy for untreated decay) or had received sealants; only knowledge of restorations was comparable to results from screening. Intraexaminer reliability for the two screeners ranged from 85 to 100 for percent agreement and 0.70 to 0.93 for kappa scores. Conclusions : Screening by dental hygienists or nurses can provide valid data for surveillance of dental caries and treatment needs. Training for visual assessment of fluorosis and injuries must be improved to diminish the proportion of false negatives. A parent-completed questionnaire is less effective than visual screening for evaluating oral health status in children.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66163/1/j.1752-7325.1997.tb02977.x.pd
Морфометрия лекарственных растений. 1. VACCINIUM VITISIDAEA L.: изменчивость формы и размеров листьев
БРУСНИКАРАСТЕНИЯ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫ
Psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the Pearlin Mastery Scale in people with mental illness and healthy people
Direct observation and imaging of a spin-wave soliton with like symmetry
The prediction and realization of magnetic excitations driven by electrical
currents via the spin transfer torque effect, enables novel magnetic
nano-devices where spin-waves can be used to process and store information. The
functional control of such devices relies on understanding the properties of
non-linear spin-wave excitations. It has been demonstrated that spin waves can
show both an itinerant character, but also appear as localized solitons. So
far, it was assumed that localized solitons have essentially cylindrical,
like symmetry. Using a newly developed high-sensitivity time-resolved
magnetic x-ray microscopy, we instead observe the emergence of a novel
localized soliton excitation with a nodal line, i.e. with like symmetry.
Micromagnetic simulations identify the physical mechanism that controls the
transition from to like solitons. Our results suggest a potential new
pathway to design artificial atoms with tunable dynamical states using
nanoscale magnetic devices
Dynamic Scaling of Ion-Sputtered Surfaces
We derive a stochastic nonlinear equation to describe the evolution and
scaling properties of surfaces eroded by ion bombardment. The coefficients
appearing in the equation can be calculated explicitly in terms of the physical
parameters characterizing the sputtering process. We find that transitions may
take place between various scaling behaviors when experimental parameters such
as the angle of incidence of the incoming ions or their average penetration
depth, are varied.Comment: 13 pages, Revtex, 2 figure
How to find an attractive solution to the liar paradox
The general thesis of this paper is that metasemantic theories can play a central role in determining the correct solution to the liar paradox. I argue for the thesis by providing a specific example. I show how Lewis’s reference-magnetic metasemantic theory may decide between two of the most influential solutions to the liar paradox: Kripke’s minimal fixed point theory of truth and Gupta and Belnap’s revision theory of truth. In particular, I suggest that Lewis’s metasemantic theory favours Kripke’s solution to the paradox over Gupta and Belnap’s. I then sketch how other standard criteria for assessing solutions to the liar paradox, such as whether a solution faces a so-called revenge paradox, fit into this picture. While the discussion of the specific example is itself important, the underlying lesson is that we have an unused strategy for resolving one of the hardest problems in philosophy
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