PENERAPAN MODEL PROJECT BASED LEARNING (PjBL) BERMUATAN NILAI DALAM MATERI SISTEM EKSKRESI MANUSIA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA SMA

Penelitian ini berjudul “Penerapan model Project Based Learning Bermuatan Nilai dalam Materi Sistem Ekskresi Manusia untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa SMA”. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap penguasaan konsep dan sikap siswa setelah belajar dengan model Project Based Learning Bermuatan Nilai dalam materi sistem ekskresi, mengungkap hubungan penguasaan konsep dan sikap siswa, serta mendeskripsikan kendala yang dialami siswa selama pembelajaran dengan model Project Based Learning Bermuatan Nilai. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap siswa kelas XI IPA sebanyak 35 orang dengan pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling. Metode yang digunakan adalah weak experiment dengan desain penelitian one group pretest-posttest design. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan penguasaan konsep siswa berada dalam kategori baik dengan persentase jumlah siswa di atas nilai KKM sebanyak 62,85 % dan indeks gain mencapai 52,2 % termasuk dalam kategori sedang. Tingkat penerimaan siswa terhadap nilai sains termasuk pada kategori tinggi dan indeks gain mencapai 11% termasuk dalam kategori rendah. Sikap siswa berdasarkan hasil observasi memiliki nilai 3,75 yang termasuk dalam kategori sangat baik. Hasil pengolahan angket menunjukkan bahwa seluruh siswa mengalami kendala selama pembelajaran terutama saat merancang proyek. Hasil perhitungan dengan uji t’ menunjukkan bahwa model Project Based Learning Bermuatan Nilai berpengaruh terhadap penguasaan konsep dan sikap siswa. Sedangkan hasil perhitungan dengan korelasi Spearman menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif yang lemah (r =0,2) antara penguasaan konsep dengan sikap siswa terhadap penerimaan nilai sains. ABSTRACT IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT BASED LEARNING (PJBL) VALUE-LADEN MODEL IN EXCRETION SYSTEM OF HUMAN TO INCREASED HIGH STUDENTS LEARNING OUTCOME The aim of this research was to obtain implementation of Project Based Learning (PjBL) Value-Laden model toward high students learning outcome. This research was implemented at high students with 35 people that took purposive sampling. The Research method used weak experiment with one group pretest-posttest design. The result showed that student’s ability of concepts showed good with 62,85 % students passed and gain indeks reached 52,2 % (sufficient). Attitude of student toward received of value included to high category while attitude student based on observation is 3,75(excellent). The Result showed that Project Based Learning (PjBL) Value-Laden model influential toward high students learning outcome. The correlation was obtained the value r=0,2 (positive correlation and low category). Students haved constraint during studied, especially made of planed

Optimal design of rain gauge network in the Middle Yarra River catchment, Australia

Rainfall data are a fundamental input for effective planning, designing and operating of water resources projects. A well-designed rain gauge network is capable of providing accurate estimates of necessary areal average and/or point rainfall estimates at any desired ungauged location in a catchment. Increasing network density with additional rain gauge stations has been the main underlying criterion in the past to reduce error and uncertainty in rainfall estimates. However, installing and operation of additional stations in a network involves large cost and manpower. Hence, the objective of this study is to design an optimal rain gauge network in the Middle Yarra River catchment in Victoria, Australia. The optimal positioning of additional stations as well as optimally relocating of existing redundant stations using the kriging-based geostatistical approach was undertaken in this study. Reduction of kriging error was considered as an indicator for optimal spatial positioning of the stations. Daily rainfall records of 1997 (an El Niño year) and 2010 (a La Niña year) were used for the analysis. Ordinary kriging was applied for rainfall data interpolation to estimate the kriging error for the network. The results indicate that significant reduction in the kriging error can be achieved by the optimal spatial positioning of the additional as well as redundant stations. Thus, the obtained optimal rain gauge network is expected to be appropriate for providing high quality rainfall estimates over the catchment. The concept proposed in this study for optimal rain gauge network design through combined use of additional and redundant stations together is equally applicable to any other catchment

Hubungan Terapi Mandi Air Hangat Sebelum Tidur Dengan Penurunan Kejadian Insomnia Pada Usia Lanjut Di Desa Tanjungan Wedi Klaten

Perubahan fisiologi usia lanjut menyebabkan penurunan fungsi berbagai organ tubuh. Selama penuaan akan terjadi Perubahan pola tidur yang khas baik secara kualitas maupun kwantitas tidur usia lanjut. Perubahan tersebut mencakup kelatenan tidur, terbangun pada dini hari serta peningkatan jumlah tidur siang hari. Insomnia merupakan masalah yang sering terjadi pada usia lanjut yang termasuk dalam “13 I”.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk hubungan terapi mandi air hangat sebelum tidur dengan penurunan kejadian Insomnia pada usia lanjut di desa Tanjungan, Wedi, Klaten. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen semu (Quasi Eksperimen) dengan rancangan Non- Equivalent Control Group. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah usia lanjut yang mengalami Insomnia di desa Tanjungan, Wedi, Klaten dengan jumlah sampel 64 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan KSPBJ Insomnia Rating Scale.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan mandi air hangat sebelum tidur dengan penurunan kejadian insomnia pada usia lanjut di Desa Tanjungan Wedi Klaten secara statistik dengan signifikan p = 0,002 (p < 0,05). Diperoleh nilai χ2 hitung = 9,225 sedangkan nilai χ2 tabel = 3,481 pada taraf signifikansi 0,05 dan derajat kebebasan (dk) 1

Concentration of Population in Tokyo: A Survey

The mono-polar concentration of population in Tokyo has been intensifying steadily in Japan since the mid-1990s. This demographic movement stands in sharp contrast to the tri-polar (Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya) demographic movement in the high growth era before the oil crisis of the early 1970s. Mono-polar in-migration reflects the change in industrial structure after the rapid yen appreciation and the two decades of stagnation caused by the bubble burst in an atmosphere of demographic aging and declining birth rate. One noteworthy recent feature of the population inflow into Tokyo is the increasing inflow of young females with post-secondary education, leading to even gloomier economic and social prospects in most outlying regions. This economic externality should be dealt with by means of well-designed policies which, benefitting from the experience of events several decades ago, avoid throttling the benefits of the market mechanism.This paper is based on a seminar presentation given in Japanese on July 11, 2015 at “Tokyo, a Mega-city in Asia,” organized by the Science Council of Japan. The seminar was produced by Prof. Kaoru Sugihara, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS). Kenji Umetani, GRIPS professor at the time of the seminar, thanks Prof. Sugihara for kindly offering him the opportunity to present there

The association between neighbourhood greenspace and type 2 diabetes in a large cross-sectional study

Objective: To investigate the relationship between neighbourhood greenspace and type 2 diabetes. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: 3 diabetes screening studies conducted in Leicestershire, UK in 2004–2011. The percentage of greenspace in the participant's home neighbourhood (3 km radius around home postcode) was obtained from a Land Cover Map. Demographic and biomedical variables were measured at screening. Participants: 10 476 individuals (6200 from general population; 4276 from high-risk population) aged 20–75 years (mean 59 years); 47% female; 21% non-white ethnicity. Main outcome measure: Screen-detected type 2 diabetes (WHO 2011 criteria). Results: Increased neighbourhood greenspace was associated with significantly lower levels of screen-detected type 2 diabetes. The ORs (95% CI) for screen-detected type 2 diabetes were 0.97 (0.80 to 1.17), 0.78 (0.62 to 0.98) and 0.67 (0.49 to 0.93) for increasing quartiles of neighbourhood greenspace compared with the lowest quartile after adjusting for ethnicity, age, sex, area social deprivation score and urban/rural status (Ptrend=0.01). This association remained on further adjustment for body mass index, physical activity, fasting glucose, 2 h glucose and cholesterol (OR (95% CI) for highest vs lowest quartile: 0.53 (0.35 to 0.82); Ptrend=0.01). Conclusions: Neighbourhood greenspace was inversely associated with screen-detected type 2 diabetes, highlighting a potential area for targeted screening as well as a possible public health area for diabetes prevention. However, none of the risk factors that we considered appeared to explain this association, and thus further research is required to elicit underlying mechanisms. Trial registration number: This study uses data from three studies (NCT00318032, NCT00677937, NCT00941954)

Influence of spatial and temporal dynamics of agricultural practices on the lesser kestrel

1. European agriculture is facing dramatic changes that are likely to have marked impacts on farmland biodiversity. There is an urgent need to develop land management strategies compatible with the conservation of biodiversity.2. We applied a spatially explicit behaviour-based model to assess how farmland management and the pattern of events across the annual farming calendar influences the foraging decisions of lesser kestrels Falco naumanni in a cereal steppe landscape. Moreover, we simulated the most likely scenarios of future agricultural changes to predict its impacts on lesser kestrel breeding success. Lesser kestrels have been the subject of serious conservation concern and constitute a good model species to judge impacts on farmland species more widely.3. Our results show that the location of cereal and fallow patches within a 2-km radius of a kestrel colony influences the total food supply delivered to the nestlings, explaining the differences in breeding success between years and colonies. Furthermore, the particular sequence in which patches are harvested by farmers is also predicted to influence offspring survival.4. Agricultural intensification, simulated by increasing the proportion of cereal fields, is predicted to negatively influence breeding success. However, the field harvesting sequence can play an important role in alleviating the effects of the increased percentage of cereal, as demonstrated by the higher breeding success obtained when harvesting starts from patches farthest from the colonies. The replacement of cereal cultivation by low-intensity grazed fallows would not be detrimental for kestrels.5. Synthesis and applications. Our results highlight the effectiveness of behaviour-based models to evaluate the interacting effect of spatial and temporal dynamics of agricultural landscapes and predict the response of populations to environmental change. To optimize food availability for lesser kestrels, land managers should implement long rotational schemes with < 60% of the area under extensive cereal cultivation in a 2-km radius around colonies. Harvesting should start in the cereal patches farthest from colonies. Ideally, the predominant land use around colonies should be fallows. These outcomes illustrate how behaviour-based models can be applied to identify specific management recommendations that would improve the effectiveness of agri-environmental schemes, the most accepted tool for maintaining farmland landscapes

Madagascar's grasses and grasslands:anthropogenic or natural?

Grasses, by their high productivity even under very low pCO2, their ability to survive repeated burning and to tolerate long dry seasons, have transformed the terrestrial biomes in the Neogene and Quaternary. The expansion of grasslands at the cost of biodiverse forest biomes in Madagascar is often postulated as a consequence of the Holocene settlement of the island by humans. However, we show that the Malagasy grass flora has many indications of being ancient with a long local evolutionary history, much predating the Holocene arrival of humans. First, the level of endemism in the Madagascar grass flora is well above the global average for large islands. Second, a survey of many of the more diverse areas indicates that there is a very high spatial and ecological turnover in the grass flora, indicating a high degree of niche specialization. We also find some evidence that there are both recently disturbed and natural stable grasslands: phylogenetic community assembly indicates that recently severely disturbed grasslands are phylogenetically clustered, whereas more undisturbed grasslands tend to be phylogenetically more evenly distributed. From this evidence, it is likely that grass communities existed in Madagascar long before human arrival and so were determined by climate, natural grazing and other natural factors. Humans introduced zebu cattle farming and increased fire frequency, and may have triggered an expansion of the grasslands. Grasses probably played the same role in the modification of the Malagasy environments as elsewhere in the tropics

Structure of trophic and mutualistic networks across broad environmental gradients

Citation: Welti, E. A. R., & Joern, A. (2015). Structure of trophic and mutualistic networks across broad environmental gradients. Ecology and Evolution, 5(2), 326-334. doi:10.1002/ece3.1371This study aims to understand how inherent ecological network structures of nestedness and modularity vary over large geographic scales with implications for community stability. Bipartite networks from previous research from 68 locations globally were analyzed. Using a meta-analysis approach, we examine relationships between the structure of 22 trophic and 46 mutualistic bipartite networks in response to extensive gradients of temperature and precipitation. Network structures varied significantly across temperature gradients. Trophic networks showed decreasing modularity with increasing variation in temperature within years. Nestedness of mutualistic networks decreased with increasing temperature variability between years. Mean annual precipitation and variability of precipitation were not found to have significant influence on the structure of either trophic or mutualistic networks. By examining changes in ecological networks across large-scale abiotic gradients, this study identifies temperature variability as a potential environmental mediator of community stability. Understanding these relationships contributes to our ability to predict responses of biodiversity to climate change at the community level

The legacy of 20th Century landscape change on today’s woodland carabid communities

Aim For many species, the effects of landscape change can involve a time lag and result in an extinction debt. The landscape matrix plays a vital role in supporting species populations. However, the importance of the historical composition and configuration of landscape mosaics has received little attention, with studies focusing on the effects of loss and fragmentation of single (focal) habitat over time. We investigated the importance of historical and contemporary landscape heterogeneity (composition and configuration) to identify how landscape change has, and is continuing to have, an effect on current woodland carabid communities. Location Lowland Britain. Methods Carabids were sampled from woodlands in 36 tetrads of 4 km2. Ordination methods analysed current community response to representations of contemporary and historical (1930’s) landscape heterogeneity. The effects of 80 years of landscape change on current carabid assemblages were compared among tetrads. Results Results are consistent with an extinction debt; carabid communities correlated significantly with the historical composition and configuration of the landscape, but not contemporary landscape configuration. Community assemblages have been shaped, and many species remain affiliated with landscape conditions that no longer exist, notably, large patches of broadleaf woodland and semi-natural grassland. Recent introduction of conifer plantations has had a negative effect on the abundance of many woodland species. For many common, slow-dispersing species, contemporary and historical landscapes offered sub-optimum woodland coverage indicating a lag effect that exceeds 80 years. Increased arable landcover and loss of semi-natural grassland and heathland points towards an ongoing detrimental impact on carabid populations. Main conclusions Compared with focal-habitat studies, the landscape mosaic approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of widespread landscape change on species communities. Conservation guidance includes new planting, maintenance and restoration of semi-natural habitats, implemented across multiple spatial scales and where feasible, considering both historical and contemporary landscape heterogeneity