Pengaruh Pasar Timah Indonesia (Inatin) Terhadap Posisi Tawar Timah Indonesia

This research explain about the effect of local tin market establishment by government to Indonesias bargaining position in trading. The market was listed on future market, ICDX (Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange) with code INATIN to set the global price benchmark by requiring the metal be traded on this local exchange before export. The purpose of this regulation to make Indonesia as the largest exporter and the second big producer of tin in the world, the place for international price discovery and lead a fair value of tin in order to give advantadge for Indonesia which before Indonesia followed the London Metal Exchange as a international metal market. ICDX helps Indonesia government perform monitoring to the trading activities, price movement, and all market data. As neo-mercantilsm paradigm, government role is needed to increas income and maximize the benefits through policy as an economic protection. This term expresses Keynes theory about the importance of government intervention controlling market. Keynes states that government role can not be separated in economic of country. According to the theory, in summary this research shows Indonesia has better bargaining position to rise the price and volume on local exchange, as the effect of Indonesia government intevention through regulation of export tin in Permendag 32/M-DAG/PER/6/2013. This result is evidenced in tin price increas and LME tin stock depression. The research illustrates the effect of government protection in trading as a part of economy politic international.Key words: Indonesia Tin Market, tin export policy, London Metal Exchange, protectio

Noncontact atomic force microscopy simulator with phase-locked-loop controlled frequency detection and excitation

A simulation of an atomic force microscope operating in the constant amplitude dynamic mode is described. The implementation mimics the electronics of a real setup including a digital phase-locked loop (PLL). The PLL is not only used as a very sensitive frequency detector, but also to generate the time-dependent phase shifted signal driving the cantilever. The optimum adjustments of individual functional blocks and their joint performance in typical experiments are determined in detail. Prior to testing the complete setup, the performances of the numerical PLL and of the amplitude controller were ascertained to be satisfactory compared to those of the real components. Attention is also focused on the issue of apparent dissipation, that is, of spurious variations in the driving amplitude caused by the nonlinear interaction occurring between the tip and the surface and by the finite response times of the various controllers. To do so, an estimate of the minimum dissipated energy that is detectable by the instrument upon operating conditions is given. This allows us to discuss the relevance of apparent dissipation that can be conditionally generated with the simulator in comparison to values reported experimentally. The analysis emphasizes that apparent dissipation can contribute to the measured dissipation up to 15% of the intrinsic dissipated energy of the cantilever interacting with the surface, but can be made negligible when properly adjusting the controllers, the PLL gains and the scan speed. It is inferred that the experimental values of dissipation usually reported in the literature cannot only originate in apparent dissipation, which favors the hypothesis of "physical" channels of dissipation

Distance dependence of force and dissipation in non-contact atomic force microscopy on Cu(100) and Al(111)

The dynamic characteristics of a tip oscillating in the nc-AFM mode in close vicinity to a Cu(100)-surface are investigated by means of phase variation experiments in the constant amplitude mode. The change of the quality factor upon approaching the surface deduced from both frequency shift and excitation versus phase curves yield to consistent values. The optimum phase is found to be independent of distance. The dependence of the quality factor on distance is related to 'true' damping, because artefacts related to phase misadjustment can be excluded. The experimental results, as well as on-resonance measurements at different bias voltages on an Al(111) surface, are compared to Joule dissipation and to a model of dissipation in which long-range forces lead to viscoelastic deformations

A graph theory-based multi-scale analysis of hierarchical cascade in molecular clouds : Application to the NGC 2264 region

The spatial properties of small star-clusters suggest that they may originate from a fragmentation cascade of the cloud for which there might be traces up to a few dozen of kAU. Our goal is to investigate the multi-scale spatial structure of gas clumps, to probe the existence of a hierarchical cascade and to evaluate its possible link with star production in terms of multiplicity. From the Herschel emission maps of NGC 2264, clumps are extracted using getsf software at each of their associated spatial resolution, respectively [8.4, 13.5, 18.2, 24.9, 36.3]". Using the spatial distribution of these clumps and the class 0/I Young Stellar Object (YSO) from Spitzer data, we develop a graph-theoretic analysis to represent the multi-scale structure of the cloud as a connected network. From this network, we derive three classes of multi-scale structure in NGC 2264 depending on the number of nodes produced at the deepest level: hierarchical, linear and isolated. The structure class is strongly correlated with the column density $N_{\rm H_2}$ since the hierarchical ones dominate the regions whose N$_{\rm H_2} > 6 \times 10^{22}$cm$^{-2}$. Although the latter are in minority, they contain half of the class 0/I YSOs proving that they are highly efficient in producing stars. We define a novel statistical metric, the fractality coefficient F that measure the fractal index describing the scale-free process of the cascade. For NGC 2264, we estimate F = 1.45$\pm$0.12. However, a single fractal index fails to fully describe a scale-free process since the hierarchical cascade starts at a 13 kAU characteristic spatial scale. Our novel methodology allows us to correlate YSOs with their multi-scale gaseous environment. This hierarchical cascade that drives efficient star formation is suspected to be both hierarchical and rooted by the larger-scale gas environment up to 13 kAU

Analytical Approach to the Local Contact Potential Difference on (001) Ionic Surfaces: Implications for Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy

An analytical model of the electrostatic force between the tip of a non-contact Atomic Force Microscope (nc-AFM) and the (001) surface of an ionic crystal is reported. The model is able to account for the atomic contrast of the local contact potential difference (CPD) observed while nc-AFM-based Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) experiments. With the goal in mind to put in evidence this short-range electrostatic force, the Madelung potential arising at the surface of the ionic crystal is primarily derived. The expression of the force which is deduced can be split into two major contributions: the first stands for the coupling between the microscopic structure of the tip apex and the capacitor formed between the tip, the ionic crystal and the counter-electrode; the second term depicts the influence of the Madelung surface potential on the mesoscopic part of the tip, independently from its microscopic structure. These short-range electrostatic forces are in the range of ten pico-Newtons. When explicitly considering the crystal polarization, an analytical expression of the bias voltage to be applied on the tip to compensate for the local CPD, i.e. to cancel the short-range electrostatic force, is derived. The compensated CPD has the lateral periodicity of the Madelung surface potential. However, the strong dependence on the tip geometry, the applied modulation voltage as well as the tip-sample distance, which can even lead to an overestimation of the real surface potential, makes quantitative KPFM measurements of the local CPD extremely difficult

Observation of individual molecules trapped on a nanostructured insulator

For the first time, ordered polar molecules confined in monolayer-deep rectangular pits produced on an alkali halide surface by electron irradiation have been resolved at room temperature by non-contact atomic force microscopy. Molecules self-assemble in a specific fashion inside pits of width smaller than 15 nm. By contrast no ordered aggregates of molecules are observed on flat terraces. Conclusions regarding nucleation and ordering mechanisms are drawn. Trapping in pits as small as 2 nm opens a route to address single molecules

Canopy precipitation interception in a lowland tropical forest in relation to stand structure

It is generally accepted that vegetation provides important ecosystem services especially in term of rainfall partitioning. This study aims to evaluate the influence of canopy structure namely crown area (CA), diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (TH) and crown spread (CS) and stand density on the partitioning of rainfall. Twelve throughfall plots of 20 x 20 m with 64 gauges randomly placed within each plot were established. For stemflow measurements, all trees within a 100 m2 plot within the study area were collared. Interception loss was computed as the difference between precipitation and throughfall plus stemflow. Throughfall ranged from 73.47 - 82.32 % of the gross rainfall. Stemflow was found to be roughly around 2.01% of the gross rainfall. Highest interception was 24.52 % attributed to the plot having the highest above ground biomass (AGB) density. The relation between canopy interception and forest structure were analyzed by regression method. Multiple regression analysis on the potential influence of stand structure to the throughfall percentage shows that all the forest structures variables measured in this study are negatively correlated to the amount of throughfall generated. This study suggests that forests with higher value of DBH, CA, CS and TH had higher interception rate

Substitution of adeno-associated virus Rep protein binding and nicking sites with human Chromosome 19 sequences

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) preferentially integrates its DNA at a ~2 kb region of human chromosome 19, designated <it>AAVS1 </it>(also known as <it>MBS85</it>). Integration at <it>AAVS1 </it>requires the AAV2 replication (Rep) proteins and a DNA sequence within <it>AAVS1 </it>containing a 16 bp Rep recognition sequence (RRS) and closely spaced Rep nicking site (also referred to as a terminal resolution site, or <it>trs</it>). The AAV2 genome is flanked by inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). Each ITR contains an RRS and closely spaced <it>trs</it>, but the sequences differ from those in <it>AAVS1</it>. These ITR sequences are required for replication and packaging.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this study we demonstrate that the <it>AAVS1 </it>RRS and <it>trs </it>can function in AAV2 replication, packaging and integration by replacing a 61 bp region of the AAV2 ITR with a 49 bp segment of <it>AAVS1 </it>DNA. Modifying one or both ITRs did not have a large effect on the overall virus titers. These modifications did not detectably affect integration at <it>AAVS1</it>, as measured by semi-quantitative nested PCR assays. Sequencing of integration junctions shows the joining of the modified ITRs to <it>AAVS1 </it>sequences.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The ability of these <it>AAVS1 </it>sequences to substitute for the AAV2 RRS and <it>trs </it>provides indirect evidence that the stable secondary structure encompassing the <it>trs </it>is part of the AAV2 packaging signal.</p

<i>Herschel</i>-HOBYS study of the earliest phases of high-mass star formation in NGC 6357

Aims: To constrain models of high-mass star formation it is important to identify the massive dense cores (MDCs) that are able to form high-mass star(s). This is one of the purposes of the Herschel/HOBYS key programme. Here, we carry out the census and characterise of the properties of the MDCs population of the NGC 6357 H II region. Methods: Our study is based on the Herschel/PACS and SPIRE 70−500 μm images of NGC 6357 complemented with (sub-)millimetre and mid-infrared data. We followed the procedure established by the Herschel/HOBYS consortium to extract ~0.1 pc massive dense cores using the getsources software. We estimated their physical parameters (temperatures, masses, luminosities) from spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting. Results: We obtain a complete census of 23 massive dense cores, amongst which one is found to be IR-quiet and twelve are starless, representing very early stages of the star-formation process. Focussing on the starless MDCs, we have considered their evolutionary status, and suggest that only five of them are likely to form a high-mass star. Conclusions: We find that, contrarily to the case in NGC 6334, the NGC 6357 region does not exhibit any ridge or hub features that are believed to be crucial to the massive star formation process. This study adds support for an empirical model in which massive dense cores and protostars simultaneously accrete mass from the surrounding filaments. In addition, the massive star formation in NGC 6357 seems to have stopped and the hottest stars in Pismis 24 have disrupted the filaments

High prevalence of germline STK11 mutations in Hungarian Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited disease characterized by gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyposis and mucocutaneous pigmentation. The genetic predisposition for PJS has been shown to be associated with germline mutations in the <it>STK11</it>/<it>LKB1 </it>tumor suppressor gene. The aim of the present study was to characterize Hungarian PJS patients with respect to germline mutation in <it>STK11</it>/<it>LKB1 </it>and their association to disease phenotype.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Mutation screening of 21 patients from 13 PJS families were performed using direct DNA sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Comparative semi-quantitative sequencing was applied to investigate the mRNA-level effects of nonsense and splice-affecting mutations.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Thirteen different pathogenic mutations in <it>STK11</it>, including a high frequency of large genomic deletions (38%, 5/13), were identified in the 13 unrelated families studied. One of these deletions also affects two neighboring genes (<it>SBNO2 </it>and <it>GPX4</it>), located upstream of <it>STK11</it>, with a possible modifier effect. The majority of the point mutations (88%, 7/8) can be considered novel. Quantification of the <it>STK11 </it>transcript at the mRNA-level revealed that the expression of alleles carrying a nonsense or frameshift mutation was reduced to 30-70% of that of the wild type allele. Mutations affecting splice-sites around exon 2 displayed an mRNA processing pattern indicative of co-regulated splicing of exons 2 and 3.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A combination of sensitive techniques may assure a high (100%) <it>STK11 </it>mutation detection frequency in PJS families. Characterization of mutations at mRNA level may give a deeper insight into the molecular consequences of the pathogenic mutations than predictions made solely at the genomic level.</p