Creer, evaluar, saber: lógica y legitimidad en el estudio del derecho de Max Weber

This article presents a discussion on therelationship between the development ofsociology, legal sciences, logic, ethics andhistory in relation to human action and itsinterpretation in Max Weber’s neo-Kantiantheory. The methodology adopted is basedon the review of texts by Weber and oth-er relevant authors in political, legal andknowledge theory. Key ideas include are-reading of the formation of the cogni-tive processes that gave rise to the differentforms of the legal order in human history,beyond prescriptive notions that rely on anabsolute and indisputable authority for theformation of the social order (God, “uni-versal laws”, the “absolute spirit”). Amongthese interpretations is that of Weber, whoattributes prominence to the charismatichero as a figure in human history that gen-erates social cohesion. It is contextualizedthat, although there is a similar logic be-tween this idea and that of National Social-ism, he cannot be accused of the emergenceand positioning of a project towards whichhe expressed political and personal discrep-ancies. On the contrary, it invites to analyzethe pre-categorical structure in Weber’slogic, its social and historical environmentand how this logic must be questioned in itsbases and inferences in order to reformulatea new worldview on social, individual andjuridical development. In conclusion, thepaper highlights the application of criteriato evaluate the underlying logics of anytheory, including legal theory, by reviewingthe reasoning in each of the fields. It alsosuggests differentiating concepts based onvalue judgments masked under the aspectof universal notions, and invites the con-struction of solid bases, through the anal-ysis of empirical evidence, to refine, thus,the instruments used in the analysis of thecognitive dimension of legal sciences. Este documento presenta una discusión sobre la relación entre el desarrollo de la sociología, las ciencias jurídicas, la lógica, la ética y la historia frente a la acción humana y su interpretación en la teoría neokantiana de Max Weber. La metodología adoptada se basa en la revisión de textos de Weber y otros autores relevantes en la teoría política, jurídica y del conocimiento. Las ideas clave incluyen una relectura de la formación de los procesos cognoscitivos que dieron lugar a diferentes formas del orden jurídico en la historia de la humanidad, más allá de nociones prescriptivas que recaen en una autoridad absoluta e indiscutible para la formación del orden social (Dios, ‘leyes universales’, el ‘espíritu absoluto’). Dentro de estas interpretaciones se podrá encontrar la de Weber, quien atribuye protagonismo al héroe carismático como figura de la historia humana que genera cohesión social. Se contextualiza que, si bien hay una lógica similar entre esta idea y la del nacionalsocialismo, no se le puede acusar del surgimiento y posicionamiento de un proyecto hacia el que expresó discrepancias políticas y personales. En su lugar, se invita a analizar la estructura pre-categorial en la lógica de Weber, su ambiente social e histórico y cómo esa lógica debe cuestionarse en su base e inferencias para reformular una nueva visión del mundo sobre el desarrollo social, individual y jurídico. En conclusión, el documento destaca la aplicación de criterios para evaluar las lógicas subyacentes a toda teoría, incluida la jurídica, revisando los razonamientos en cada uno de los campos. Además, se sugiere diferenciar conceptos basados en juicios de valor enmascarados bajo el aspecto de nociones universales, e invita a la construcción de bases sólidas, a través del análisis de evidencia empírica, para afinar, así, los instrumentos que se utilizan en el análisis de la dimensión cognoscitiva de las ciencias jurídicas

Kritik der Gleichheit - Inklusion und Integration als Postulat der Gerechtigkeit

"Drei Probleme der Gleichheit/ Ungleichheitsproblematik sind es, die zum Schlussthematisch werden sollen: das begründungstheoretische, das gesellschaftstheoretische und das praktisch-politische Problem. Begründungstheoretisch wird Gleichheit auch noch im philosophischen Verständnis der Gegenwart als ein transzendental vorgegebenes kulturelles Prinzip verstanden, das als Grundlagentheorem der gesellschaftlichen Verfassung fungiert. Soziologisch erscheint das transzendentale Begründungstheorem deshalb problematisch, weil es im konstruktiven Verständnis derModerne nicht möglich ist, dem Bildungsprozess der Gesellschaft ein kulturelles Apriori vorweg gelegen sein zu lassen. Im soziologischen Verständnis der Modernemuss sich auch das Sollen konstruktiv aus den Bedingungen im Aufbau sozialer Systemebilden. Das ist das eine Problem, das thematisiert werden muss. Das andere istihm eng verbunden und rührt an das Grundverständnis der Gesellschaft. Wenn manGesellschaft als das Netzwerk der Handlungen und Kommunikationen versteht, durch die die Menschen in den Praxisformen ihres Daseins verbunden sind, dann bestimmt sich die Gesellschaft als Marktgesellschaft nicht über die lebensweltlichen Bezüge, sondern durch die Bedingungen der Vernetzung über den Markt. Und die sind auf eine positionale Ungleichheit festgelegt. Die Konsequenzen für die normative Verfassung sollen als zweites thematisch werden. Unter einem konstruktivistischen Verständnis auch der Normativität stellt sich schließlich das Problem, wie das, was als Sollen an die Politik adressiert wird, normative Geltung erlangt. Manwird annehmen müssen, dass als Sollen in der Moderne nur Anerkennung findet, wofür eine praktische Vernunft in Anspruch genommen werden kann. Unter dieser Prämisse aber wird die normative Geltungsproblematik von Gleichheit zu einer Frageder Repräsentanz der Interessen im politischen System. Das ist das dritte Problem, das thematisch werden muss." (Autorenreferat

Overview of ASDEX Upgrade results

Recent results from the ASDEX Upgrade experimental campaigns 2001 and 2002 are presented. An improved understanding of energy and particle transport emerges in terms of a 'critical gradient' model for the temperature gradients. Coupling this to particle diffusion explains most of the observed behaviour of the density profiles, in particular, the finding that strong central heating reduces the tendency for density profile peaking. Internal transport barriers (ITBs) with electron and ion temperatures in excess of 20 keV (but not simultaneously) have been achieved. By shaping the plasma, a regime with small type II edge localized modes (ELMs) has been established. Here, the maximum power deposited on the target plates was greatly reduced at constant average power. Also, an increase of the ELM frequency by injection of shallow pellets was demonstrated. ELM free operation is possible in the quiescent H-mode regime previously found in DIII-D which has also been established on ASDEX Upgrade. Regarding stability, a regime with benign neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) was found. During electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) stabilization of NTMs, βN could be increased well above the usual onset level without a reappearance of the NTM. Electron cyclotron resonance heating and ECCD have also been used to control the sawtooth repetition frequency at a moderate fraction of the total heating power. The inner wall of the ASDEX Upgrade vessel has increasingly been covered with tungsten without causing detrimental effects on the plasma performance. Regarding scenario integration, a scenario with a large fraction of noninductively driven current (≥50%), but without ITB has been established. It combines improved confinement (τE/τITER98 ≈ 1.2) and stability (βN ≤ 3.5) at high Greenwald fraction (ne/nGW ≈ 0.85) in steady state and with type II ELMy edge and would offer the possibility for long pulses with high fusion power at reduced current in ITER

Overview of physics studies on ASDEX Upgrade

The ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) programme, jointly run with the EUROfusion MST1 task force, continues to significantly enhance the physics base of ITER and DEMO. Here, the full tungsten wall is a key asset for extrapolating to future devices. The high overall heating power, flexible heating mix and comprehensive diagnostic set allows studies ranging from mimicking the scrape-off-layer and divertor conditions of ITER and DEMO at high density to fully non-inductive operation (q 95 = 5.5, ) at low density. Higher installed electron cyclotron resonance heating power 6 MW, new diagnostics and improved analysis techniques have further enhanced the capabilities of AUG. Stable high-density H-modes with MW m-1 with fully detached strike-points have been demonstrated. The ballooning instability close to the separatrix has been identified as a potential cause leading to the H-mode density limit and is also found to play an important role for the access to small edge-localized modes (ELMs). Density limit disruptions have been successfully avoided using a path-oriented approach to disruption handling and progress has been made in understanding the dissipation and avoidance of runaway electron beams. ELM suppression with resonant magnetic perturbations is now routinely achieved reaching transiently . This gives new insight into the field penetration physics, in particular with respect to plasma flows. Modelling agrees well with plasma response measurements and a helically localised ballooning structure observed prior to the ELM is evidence for the changed edge stability due to the magnetic perturbations. The impact of 3D perturbations on heat load patterns and fast-ion losses have been further elaborated. Progress has also been made in understanding the ELM cycle itself. Here, new fast measurements of and E r allow for inter ELM transport analysis confirming that E r is dominated by the diamagnetic term even for fast timescales. New analysis techniques allow detailed comparison of the ELM crash and are in good agreement with nonlinear MHD modelling. The observation of accelerated ions during the ELM crash can be seen as evidence for the reconnection during the ELM. As type-I ELMs (even mitigated) are likely not a viable operational regime in DEMO studies of 'natural' no ELM regimes have been extended. Stable I-modes up to have been characterised using -feedback. Core physics has been advanced by more detailed characterisation of the turbulence with new measurements such as the eddy tilt angle - measured for the first time - or the cross-phase angle of and fluctuations. These new data put strong constraints on gyro-kinetic turbulence modelling. In addition, carefully executed studies in different main species (H, D and He) and with different heating mixes highlight the importance of the collisional energy exchange for interpreting energy confinement. A new regime with a hollow profile now gives access to regimes mimicking aspects of burning plasma conditions and lead to nonlinear interactions of energetic particle modes despite the sub-Alfvénic beam energy. This will help to validate the fast-ion codes for predicting ITER and DEMO