Understanding the relationship between inequalities and poverty: a review of dynamic mechanisms

In this paper we examine the evidence on how dynamic mechanisms, which include earnings and income mobility, poverty dynamics, social mobility and the accumulation of risk and advantage over the lifecycle, may be a contributory factor behind the estimated positive correlation between income inequality and poverty. We find evidence that higher income inequality is related to greater income volatility, lower equalising mobility and lower social mobility. Research on poverty dynamics reveals evidence of poverty persistence, poverty traps and recurrent episodes of poverty. The evidence suggests that higher income inequality linked to lower income mobility, poverty persistence and churning is likely to lead to higher rates of poverty and, therefore, income and poverty dynamics are likely to be a contributory mechanisms behind the observed positive correlation in crosssectional measures of income inequality and poverty

Understanding the relationship between inequalities and poverty: mechanisms associated with crime, the legal system and punitive sanctions

This paper outlines the various issues pertaining to how crime, the legal system and punitive sanctions may provide a mechanism through which inequality is positively related to poverty. We analyse trends in crime rates, review evidence on the determinants of criminal activity, trends in incarceration rates and prison populations, and the profile of prisoners. We explore relevant aspects of criminal justice policies, changes to Legal Aid, and legal reforms, and finish by outlining how the evidence suggests that crime, the legal system and punitive sanctions is one of the mechanisms that contributes to the positive link between economic inequality and poverty, before reviewing policy options

Understanding the relationship between poverty and inequality: overview report

An understanding that poverty and inequality are inextricably linked has given rise to a number of large international organisations setting joint inequality-poverty reduction targets on the basis that poverty cannot be seriously tackled without addressing inequality. However, the evidence base was relatively weak with only limited information available on the relationship between the two phenomena. The programme was designed to expand the evidence base on the links between inequality and poverty and to fill this knowledge gap. In the research summarised in this report we explored the relationship between inequality and poverty by: • Examining philosophical concerns for poverty and inequality and how they may overlap • Estimating the empirical relationship between income inequality and a variety of poverty measures • Reviewing the existing evidence base on potential mechanisms that may drive any relationshi

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. China (Hong Kong) y los Municipios de Medellín, Itagüí y Bello.

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. China (Hong Kong) y los Municipios de Medellín, Itagüí y Bello.El trabajo final del curso del Diplomado de Profundización Acompañamiento Psicosocial en Escenarios de Violencia se realiza a través del análisis de las subjetividades extraídas en diferentes contextos de violencia en Colombia, en este se presentan diferentes problemáticas relacionadas con el conflicto armado y las consecuencia psicosociales que tienen que enfrentar las víctimas de una guerra que pareciera no tuviera un final. Así entonces, se presencian problemas relacionados con la salud, la política, la vivienda, la salud mental, la difícil situación económica y cultural, entre otros.The final work of the Diploma Course of Deepening Psychosocial Accompaniment in Violence Scenarios is carried out through the analysis of the subjectivities extracted in different contexts of violence in Colombia, in which different problems related to the armed conflict and psychosocial consequences are presented to face the victims of a war that seems to have no end. Thus, there are problems related to health, politics, housing, mental health, the difficult economic and cultural situation, among others

Treatment of maxillary transverse deficiency with rapid expansion of the palate with mini-implant: a review

One of the most prevalent malocclusions is maxillary constriction, which is a narrowing of the upper arch; its etiology is multifactorial, including mainly genetic factors and parafunctional habits. It is characterized by a posterior crossbite that can be unilateral or bilateral, total or partial, and may even not occur in cases with simultaneous constriction of the mandibular arch. Transverse deficiency or maxillary hypoplasia affects facial growth and the integrity of the dentoalveolar structures. Therefore, it must be corrected as soon as it is diagnosed. As the maxilla widens, the midpalatal suture and the intermaxillary suture expand. When they are not fused, it is connective tissue and behaves viscoelastically in response to externally applied forces. In order to effectively treat any dentofacial deformation, an early diagnostic and therapeutic approach is required

Consensus on diagnosis and treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Colombia.

Objetivo: Unificar criterios para agilizar el diagnóstico de la Leucemia Mieloide Crónica (LMC) y racionalizar el uso de nuevos medicamentos para su tratamiento. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda estructurada de la literatura médica en la bases de datos Medline, en el Registro de Estudios Clínicos (CCTR) de la Biblioteca Cochrane y en EMBASE, usando la plataforma OVID. Todos los artículos fueron revisados por un comité central y los resultados fueron validados por hematólogos, oncólogos y otros especialistas en una reunión de consenso. Resultados: Se generaron 11 recomendaciones sobre diagnóstico (criterios definitorios), tratamiento (fase crónica, fase acelerada, crisis blástica, transplante alogénico), y seguimiento según fase y tratamiento base (remisión hematológica, respuesta citogenética, respuesta molecular, evolución clonal, etc). Conclusiones: Los esquemas de tratamiento disponibles permiten mejorar la supervivencia y calidad de vida de los pacientes. Todo paciente con LMC requiere confirmación histológica y citogenética de su enfermedad. El inicio temprano del tratamiento con inhibidores de la tirosina-quinasa y el seguimiento estricto de las respuestas hematológica, citogenética y molecular permitirán adecuar o modificar la terapia de manera oportuna en pacientes resistentes primarios o secundarios.Objective: To harmonize criteria for an effective diagnosis of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), and to promote a rational use of available molecules for treatment. Methods: A structured search in Medline, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and EMBASE data bases was done through the OVID platform. All scientific papers were reviewed by a central committee and the results were validated in a national consensus panel. Results: Eleven recommendations were done on diagnostic criteria, treatment (chronic phase, accelerated phase, blastic phase, bone marrow transplantation), and follow-up according to disease phase and treatment (hematological response, cytogenetic response, molecular response, clonal evolution, etc). Conclusions: available treatments allow for better survival rates and quality of life. Every CML patient requires histological and cytogenetic verification. Early treatment with tyrosine-kinase inhibitors and strict follow-up of hematological, cytogenetic, and molecular responses will allow a timely adaptation of treatment in primary or secondary resistanc

Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with critical influenza pneumonia

In an international cohort of 279 patients with hypoxemic influenza pneumonia, we identified 13 patients (4.6%) with autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-alpha and/or -omega, which were previously reported to underlie 15% cases of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia and one third of severe adverse reactions to live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) can underlie critical COVID-19 pneumonia and yellow fever vaccine disease. We report here on 13 patients harboring autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 alone (five patients) or with IFN-omega (eight patients) from a cohort of 279 patients (4.7%) aged 6-73 yr with critical influenza pneumonia. Nine and four patients had antibodies neutralizing high and low concentrations, respectively, of IFN-alpha 2, and six and two patients had antibodies neutralizing high and low concentrations, respectively, of IFN-omega. The patients' autoantibodies increased influenza A virus replication in both A549 cells and reconstituted human airway epithelia. The prevalence of these antibodies was significantly higher than that in the general population for patients 70 yr of age (3.1 vs. 4.4%, P = 0.68). The risk of critical influenza was highest in patients with antibodies neutralizing high concentrations of both IFN-alpha 2 and IFN-omega (OR = 11.7, P = 1.3 x 10(-5)), especially those <70 yr old (OR = 139.9, P = 3.1 x 10(-10)). We also identified 10 patients in additional influenza patient cohorts. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs account for similar to 5% of cases of life-threatening influenza pneumonia in patients <70 yr old

Double Trouble: A review of the relationship between UK poverty and economic inequality

The link between inequality and poverty has been highlighted by a number of international organisations, which have outlined a series of policy recommendations supporting the view that high levels of inequality need to be tackled even if the central objective is to reduce poverty.This report makes clear there is a positive correlation between income inequality and relative income poverty in the UK. The strength of this connection depends on which measure of inequality is used and this report makes no claim about causation - but the central conclusion is clear. We can no longer treat poverty and economic inequality as separate problems which can be tackled in isolation. They are instead closely linked and must be tackled together

A 12-Year Experimental Design to Test the Recovery of Butterfly Biodiversity in an Urban Ecosystem: Lessons from the Parc Urbain des Papillons

Urbanization is one of the main threats to biodiversity. However, some urban green spaces could act as refuges for urban fauna if the composition of the flora were less horticultural and if a less intensive management strategy is adopted. Among the taxa, butterflies are experiencing a strong decline from European to regional scales. An ecological engineering project based on a plantation of host and nectariferous plants backed up by a well thought out management strategy was carried out in Marseille at the Parc Urbain des Papillons (the Butterflies Urban Park). We assessed its effectiveness by comparing the butterfly communities in this park before and after the engineering work, and we compared it to a neighboring wasteland with natural habitats. After 12 years of the project, the results show a significant change in the species composition. The species richness greatly increased from 25 to 42 species. Some specialist species we targeted appeared, and their numbers increased from one to five. However, three Mediterranean species are still absent compared to the wasteland with natural habitats. As the plant palette used and the management strategy implemented enabled us to significantly increase the number of species, we now plan to work on the structure of the vegetation