Prédiction des services écosystémiques dans les bois agricoles à partir d’images hyperspectrales

Les services écosystémiques sont devenus un enjeu social, écologique et économique majeur dans le monde. Les forêts des paysages agricoles offrent des services précieux bien qu'ils soient souvent sous-estimés et mal utilisés. Cependant, une cartographie précise de ces services à grande échelle reste difficile. Des données de télédétection permettent aujourd’hui d’envisager cette cartographie. Nous avons évalué la contribution des indices de végétation calculés à partir d'images hyperspectrales à haute résolution spatiale pour la prévision de services écosystémiques par rapport aux résultats fondées sur la couverture terrestre. 28 parcelles forestières ont été échantillonnées et des images hyperspectrales aéroportées ont été acquises pour la zone d'étude, à une résolution de 2 m. Habituellement, les indices de végétation dérivés de l'hyperspectral à l’échelle du paysage (buffer spatial autour de l’objet considéré) sont réduits en utilisant des statistiques descriptives (moyenne, écart-type, valeurs minimales et maximales). Cependant, cette approche peut perdre beaucoup d'informations, en particulier à l'échelle des paysages, où plusieurs objets avec différentes signatures spectrales sont présents. Nous proposons une description du paysage hyperspectral basée sur la répartition complète des indices de végétation à travers les paysages. Nous avons utilisé les modèles de mélange gaussien (GMM) pour modéliser la distribution des pixels dans chaque paysage et introduit une distance L2 entre ces mélanges. Cette distance est utilisée dans l’algorithme des plus proches voisins pour prédire les niveaux de services. La qualité des prédictions a été comparée entre trois représentations de paysage: occupation des sols, statistiques descriptives de données hyperspectrales et description de données hyperspectrales basées sur GMM

Hétérogénéité fonctionnelle et biodiversité (quel est le rôle des interfaces ou lisières dans les paysages agricoles ?)

L'hétérogénéité du paysage, définie par la composition en habitats et leur configuration spatiale, est considérée comme un facteur majeur affectant la biodiversité. Cependant, les effets de la composition et de la configuration sont souvent confondus du fait de corrélations entre les descripteurs de ces deux composantes. Il est crucial de déterminer leurs effets indépendants pour comprendre les processus qui contrôlent la biodiversité, et allouer les ressources dédiées à la conservation des espèces aux actions de gestion les plus pertinentes. L'objectif de cette thèse est, grâce à la mise en place de protocoles pseudo-expérimentaux dans l'ouest de la France, d'étudier les effets indépendant de la composition et de la configuration paysagère sur la richesse spécifique, la composition spécifique et la composition en traits fonctionnels des coléoptères carabiques et plantes vasculaires. Ces indices de diversité ont été mesurés au niveau du paysage (diversité gamma), et différentes représentations paysagères ont été testées pour comprendre le rôle de l'hétérogénéité de l'espace cultivé, au-delà de la seule prise en compte des habitats semi-naturels. Les résultats indiquent que l'hétérogénéité paysagère joue un rôle de filtre écologique sur les espèces de carabes et de plantes en fonction de leurs traits fonctionnels. La composition paysagère affecte la composition spécifique de ces groupes, les divers habitats hébergeant des communautés différentes. La configuration affecte la diversité des carabes en lien avec des processus possibles de complémentation entre habitats, tandis qu'elle n'a pas d'effet sur la diversité des plantes, qui ne semble donc pas déterminée par les processus de dispersion. Enfin, nos résultats soulignent que l'hétérogénéité liée aux habitats agricoles contribue à la diversité gamma.Landscape heterogeneity, defined by habitats composition and their spatial configuration, is considered as one of the main factor affecting biodiversity. However, the effects of landscape composition and configuration are often confounded because of correlations between the descriptors of these two components. It is crucial to separate the effects of compositional and configurational heterogeneity to understand the ecological processes driving biodiversity and to allocate conservation resources to the most effective actions. Mensurative experiments were carried out in western France to assess the independent effects of landscape composition and configuration on species richness, species composition, and functional traits composition of carabid beetles and vascular plants. These diversity indices were measured at landscape level (gamma diversity), and different landscape representations were tested to address the role of the farmland heterogeneity, beyond the semi natural habitat / farmland matrix dominant representation. Results indicate that landscape heterogeneity act as an ecological filter on carabid and plant species according to their functional traits. Landscape composition affects species composition because different communities benefit from the various habitat types. In addition, landscape configuration influences carabid beetles diversity in relationships with possible complementation processes between habitats, but had no effect on plant diversity, suggesting dispersal was not a driving process of plant diversity. Furthermore, we found that the heterogeneity related to cultivated lands contributes to gamma diversity.RENNES1-Bibl. électronique (352382106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Landscape heterogeneity as an ecological filter of species traits

International audienceLandscape heterogeneity is a major driver of biodiversity in agricultural areas and represents an important parameter in conservation strategies. However, most landscape ecology studies measure gamma diversity of a single habitat type, despite the assessment of multiple habitats at a landscape scale being more appropriate. This study aimed to determine the effects of landscape composition and spatial configuration on life-history trait distribution in carabid beetle and herbaceous plant communities. Here, we assessed the gamma diversity of carabid beetles and plants by sampling three dominant habitats (woody habitats, grasslands and crops) across 20 landscapes in western France. RLQ and Fourth Corner three-table analyses were used to assess the association of dispersal, phenology, reproduction and trophic level traits with landscape characteristics. Landscape composition and configuration were both significant in explaining functional composition. Carabid beetles and plants showed similar response regarding phenology, i.e. open landscapes were associated with earlier breeding species. Carabid beetle dispersal traits exhibited the strongest relationship with landscape structure; for instance, large and apterous species preferentially inhabited woody landscapes, whereas small and macropterous species preferentially inhabited open landscapes. Heavy seeded plant species dominated in intensified agricultural landscapes (high % crops), possibly due to the removal of weeds (which are usually lightweight seeded species). The results of this study emphasise the roles of landscape composition and configuration as ecological filters and the importance of preserving a range of landscape types to maintain functional biodiversity at regional scales

Enhancing multifunctionality in European boreal forests: The potential role of Triad landscape functional zoning

Land-use policies aim at enhancing the sustainable use of natural resources. The Triad approach has been suggested to balance the social, ecological, and economic demands of forested landscapes. The core idea is to enhance multifunctionality at the landscape level by allocating landscape zones with specific management priorities, i.e., production (intensive management), multiple use (extensive management), and conservation (forest reserves). We tested the efficiency of the Triad approach and identified the respective proportion of above-mentioned zones needed to enhance multifunctionality in Finnish forest landscapes. Through a simulation and optimization framework, we explored a range of scenarios of the three zones and evaluated how changing their relative proportion (each ranging from 0 to 100%) impacted landscape multifunctionality, measured by various biodiversity and ecosystem service indicators. The results show that maximizing multifunctionality required around 20% forest area managed intensively, 50% extensively, and 30% allocated to forest reserves. In our case studies, such landscape zoning represented a good compromise between the studied multifunctionality components and maintained 61% of the maximum achievable net present value (i.e., total timber economic value). Allocating specific proportion of the landscape to a management zone had distinctive effects on the optimized economic or multifunctionality values. Net present value was only moderately impacted by shifting from intensive to extensive management, while multifunctionality benefited from less intensive and more diverse management regimes. This is the first study to apply Triad in a European boreal forest landscape, highlighting the usefulness of this approach. Our results show the potential of the Triad approach in promoting forest multifunctionality, as well as a strong trade-off between net present value and multifunctionality. We conclude that simply applying the Triad approach does not implicitly contribute to an overall increase in forest multifunctionality, as careful forest management planning still requires clear landscape objectives

Quelles distributions des espèces et des traits dans des espaces herbacés ordinaires le long d’un gradient ville – campagne ?

International audienc

Enhancing Resilience of Boreal Forests Through Management Under Global Change: a Review

Purpose of Review Boreal forests provide a wide range of ecosystem services that are important to society. The boreal biome is experiencing the highest rates of warming on the planet and increasing demand for forest products. Here, we review how changes in climate and its associated extreme events (e.g., windstorms) are putting at risk the capacity of these forests to continue providing ecosystem services. We further analyze the role of forest management to increase forest resilience to the combined effects of climate change and extreme events. Recent Findings Enhancing forest resilience recently gained a lot of interest from theoretical perspective. Yet, it remains unclear how to translate the theoretical knowledge into practice and how to operationalize boreal forest management to maintain forest ecosystem services and functions under changing global conditions. We identify and summarize the main management approaches (natural disturbance emulation, landscape functional zoning, functional complex network, and climate-smart forestry) that can promote forest resilience. Summary We review the concept of resilience in forest sciences, how extreme events may put boreal forests at risk, and how management can alleviate or promote such risks. We found that the combined effects of increased temperatures and extreme events are having negative impacts on forests. Then, we discuss how the main management approaches could enhance forest resilience and multifunctionality (simultaneous provision of high levels of multiple ecosystem services and species habitats). Finally, we identify the complementary strengths of individual approaches and report challenges on how to implement them in practice

Planetary well-being

Tensions between the well-being of present humans, future humans, and nonhuman nature manifest in social protests and political and academic debates over the future of Earth. The increasing consumption of natural resources no longer increases, let alone equalises, human well-being, but has led to the current ecological crisis and harms both human and nonhuman well-being. While the crisis has been acknowledged, the existing conceptual frameworks are in some respects ill-equipped to address the crisis in a way that would link the resolving of the crisis with the pivotal aim of promoting equal well-being. The shortcomings of the existing concepts in this respect relate to anthropocentric normative orientation, methodological individualism that disregards process dynamics and precludes integrating the considerations of human and nonhuman well-being, and the lack of multiscalar considerations of well-being. This work derives and proposes the concept of planetary well-being to address the aforementioned conceptual issues, to recognise the moral considerability of both human and nonhuman well-being, and to promote transdisciplinary, cross-cultural discourse for addressing the crisis and for promoting societal and cultural transformation. Conceptually, planetary well-being shifts focus on well-being from individuals to processes, Earth system and ecosystem processes, that underlie all well-being. Planetary well-being is a state where the integrity of Earth system and ecosystem processes remains unimpaired to a degree that species and populations can persist to the future and organisms have the opportunity to achieve well-being. After grounding and introducing planetary well-being, this work shortly discusses how the concept can be operationalised and reflects upon its potential as a bridging concept between different worldviews.</p

The interplay of landscape composition and configuration: new pathways to manage functional biodiversity and agroecosystem services across Europe

Managing agricultural landscapes to support biodiversity and ecosystem services is a key aim of a sustainable agriculture. However, how the spatial arrangement of crop fields and other habitats in landscapes impacts arthropods and their functions is poorly known. Synthesising data from 49 studies (1515 landscapes) across Europe, we examined effects of landscape composition (% habitats) and configuration (edge density) on arthropods in fields and their margins, pest control, pollination and yields. Configuration effects interacted with the proportions of crop and non‐crop habitats, and species’ dietary, dispersal and overwintering traits led to contrasting responses to landscape variables. Overall, however, in landscapes with high edge density, 70% of pollinator and 44% of natural enemy species reached highest abundances and pollination and pest control improved 1.7‐ and 1.4‐fold respectively. Arable‐dominated landscapes with high edge densities achieved high yields. This suggests that enhancing edge density in European agroecosystems can promote functional biodiversity and yield‐enhancing ecosystem services

Hétérogénéité fonctionnelle et biodiversité : quel est le rôle des interfaces ou lisières dans les paysages agricoles ?

Landscape heterogeneity, defined by habitats composition and their spatial configuration, is considered as one of the main factor affecting biodiversity. However, the effects of landscape composition and configuration are often confounded because of correlations between the descriptors of these two components. It is crucial to separate the effects of compositional and configurational heterogeneity to understand the ecological processes driving biodiversity and to allocate conservation resources to the most effective actions. Mensurative experiments were carried out in western France to assess the independent effects of landscape composition and configuration on species richness, species composition, and functional traits composition of carabid beetles and vascular plants. These diversity indices were measured at landscape level (gamma diversity), and different landscape representations were tested to address the role of the farmland heterogeneity, beyond the semi natural habitat / farmland matrix dominant representation. Results indicate that landscape heterogeneity act as an ecological filter on carabid and plant species according to their functional traits. Landscape composition affects species composition because different communities benefit from the various habitat types. In addition, landscape configuration influences carabid beetles diversity in relationships with possible complementation processes between habitats, but had no effect on plant diversity, suggesting dispersal was not a driving process of plant diversity. Furthermore, we found that the heterogeneity related to cultivated lands contributes to gamma diversity.L’hétérogénéité du paysage, définie par la composition en habitats et leur configuration spatiale, est considérée comme un facteur majeur affectant la biodiversité. Cependant, les effets de la composition et de la configuration sont souvent confondus du fait de corrélations entre les descripteurs de ces deux composantes. Il est crucial de déterminer leurs effets indépendants pour comprendre les processus qui contrôlent la biodiversité, et allouer les ressources dédiées à la conservation des espèces aux actions de gestion les plus pertinentes. L'objectif de cette thèse est, grâce à la mise en place de protocoles pseudo-expérimentaux dans l'ouest de la France, d’étudier les effets indépendant de la composition et de la configuration paysagère sur la richesse spécifique, la composition spécifique et la composition en traits fonctionnels des coléoptères carabiques et plantes vasculaires. Ces indices de diversité ont été mesurés au niveau du paysage (diversité gamma), et différentes représentations paysagères ont été testées pour comprendre le rôle de l’hétérogénéité de l’espace cultivé, au-delà de la seule prise en compte des habitats semi-naturels. Les résultats indiquent que l’hétérogénéité paysagère joue un rôle de filtre écologique sur les espèces de carabes et de plantes en fonction de leurs traits fonctionnels. La composition paysagère affecte la composition spécifique de ces groupes, les divers habitats hébergeant des communautés différentes. La configuration affecte la diversité des carabes en lien avec des processus possibles de complémentation entre habitats, tandis qu'elle n'a pas d'effet sur la diversité des plantes, qui ne semble donc pas déterminée par les processus de dispersion. Enfin, nos résultats soulignent que l'hétérogénéité liée aux habitats agricoles contribue à la diversité gamma

Landscape heterogeneity and biodiversity : what is the role of interfaces or edges in agricultural landscapes?

L'hétérogénéité du paysage, définie par la composition en habitats et leur configuration spatiale, est considérée comme un facteur majeur affectant la biodiversité. Cependant, les effets de la composition et de la configuration sont souvent confondus du fait de corrélations entre les descripteurs de ces deux composantes. Il est crucial de déterminer leurs effets indépendants pour comprendre les processus qui contrôlent la biodiversité, et allouer les ressources dédiées à la conservation des espèces aux actions de gestion les plus pertinentes. L'objectif de cette thèse est, grâce à la mise en place de protocoles pseudo-expérimentaux dans l'ouest de la France, d'étudier les effets indépendant de la composition et de la configuration paysagère sur la richesse spécifique, la composition spécifique et la composition en traits fonctionnels des coléoptères carabiques et plantes vasculaires. Ces indices de diversité ont été mesurés au niveau du paysage (diversité gamma), et différentes représentations paysagères ont été testées pour comprendre le rôle de l'hétérogénéité de l'espace cultivé, au-delà de la seule prise en compte des habitats semi-naturels. Les résultats indiquent que l'hétérogénéité paysagère joue un rôle de filtre écologique sur les espèces de carabes et de plantes en fonction de leurs traits fonctionnels. La composition paysagère affecte la composition spécifique de ces groupes, les divers habitats hébergeant des communautés différentes. La configuration affecte la diversité des carabes en lien avec des processus possibles de complémentation entre habitats, tandis qu'elle n'a pas d'effet sur la diversité des plantes, qui ne semble donc pas déterminée par les processus de dispersion. Enfin, nos résultats soulignent que l'hétérogénéité liée aux habitats agricoles contribue à la diversité gamma.Landscape heterogeneity, defined by habitats composition and their spatial configuration, is considered as one of the main factor affecting biodiversity. However, the effects of landscape composition and configuration are often confounded because of correlations between the descriptors of these two components. It is crucial to separate the effects of compositional and configurational heterogeneity to understand the ecological processes driving biodiversity and to allocate conservation resources to the most effective actions. Mensurative experiments were carried out in western France to assess the independent effects of landscape composition and configuration on species richness, species composition, and functional traits composition of carabid beetles and vascular plants. These diversity indices were measured at landscape level (gamma diversity), and different landscape representations were tested to address the role of the farmland heterogeneity, beyond the semi natural habitat / farmland matrix dominant representation. Results indicate that landscape heterogeneity act as an ecological filter on carabid and plant species according to their functional traits. Landscape composition affects species composition because different communities benefit from the various habitat types. In addition, landscape configuration influences carabid beetles diversity in relationships with possible complementation processes between habitats, but had no effect on plant diversity, suggesting dispersal was not a driving process of plant diversity. Furthermore, we found that the heterogeneity related to cultivated lands contributes to gamma diversity