Вплив пробіотика “Імунобактерин-D” на біоценоз та розвиток шлунково-кишкового тракту телят

The paper presents the results of an experiment on the use of enzyme-probiotic supplement “Immunobacterin-D” for calves in the first two months of life. Probiotics are used in animal husbandry for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, increase immunity, correction of the microflora after antibiotic therapy, prevention of stress, increase growth. The study was conducted in a private farm in the Lyubar district of Zhytomyr region, which kept cattle of different ages. In a randomized controlled trial, two experimental groups of six animals were formed in each on the principle of analogues. One group was a control. Calves of the experimental group from the second day after birth were fed together with colostrum “Immunobacterin-D” at the rate of 3 grams per animal. For the first five days, the enzyme-probiotic supplement was given to the calves once a day during the morning feeding, and in subsequent studies, once every two days for a month. The results of the studies show that no case of diarrhea was registered among calves receiving the enzyme-probiotic supplement “Immunobacterin-D”. Among the animals of the control group, 66.7 % had digestive disorders – dyspepsia. Subsequently, such animals had a lower growth rate. Enzyme-probiotic supplement “Immunobacterin-D” also contains Bacillus Subthilis, Bacillus Licheniformis and enzymes and protease and lipase – it provides a polyvector effect in the digestive tract in general and scarring in particular. It was found that on the fourteenth day of feeding probiotic-containing drug “Immunobacterin-D” to calves of the experimental group, the number of bacteria probably increased by 83.5 %; ciliates – by 65.0 %; endodynomorphs – by 24.3 %. After one month of the experiment, the number of bacteria in the experimental group probably increased by 94.3 %; ciliates – by 40.5 %; endodynomorphs – by 26.7 %, compared with the control (P < 0.001). The obtained data of registration of the first chewing gum in calves prove that the components of the enzyme-probiotic supplement “Immunobacterin-D” accelerate the population of microflora and the development of scar digestion in calves 2.5 times compared to calves in the control group. Prospects for further research are to study the effect of enzyme-probiotic supplement “Immunobacterin-D” on the indicators of scar fermentation of calves.В роботі наведені результати експерименту щодо застосування ферментно-пробіотичної добавки “Імунобактерин-D” для телят перших двох місяців життя. Пробіотики використовують у тваринництві для профілактики та лікування інфекційних захворювань, підвищення імунітету, корекції мікрофлори після антибіотикотерапії, профілактики стресу, збільшення приростів. Дослідження проведено в умовах приватного господарства Любарського району Житомирської області, в якому утримували велику рогату худобу різних вікових груп. При рандомізованому контрольованому дослідженні формували дві дослідні групи по шість тварин у кожній за принципом аналогів. Одна група була контрольною. Телятам дослідної групи із другої доби після народження випоювали разом з молозивом “Імунобактерин-D” з розрахунку 3 грами на тварину. Перші п’ять діб ферментно-пробіотичну добавку задавали телятам один раз на добу під час вранішньої годівлі, в подальших дослідженнях – один раз на дві доби протягом місяця. Результати досліджень доводять, що серед телят, які отримували ферментно-пробіотичну добавку “Імунобактерин-D” не зареєстровано жодного випадку діареї. Серед тварин контрольної групи 66,7 % мали розлади травлення – диспепсію. В подальшому такі тварини мали меншу інтенсивність росту. Ферментно-пробіотична дабавка “Імунобактерин-D” містить і Bacillus Subthilis, Bacillus Licheniformis та ферменти і протеазу та ліпазу – це забезпечує полівекторну дію в травному тракті загалом та рубці зокрема. Встановлено, що на чотирнадцяту добу випоювання пробіотиковмісного лікарського засобу “Імунобактерин-D” телятам дослідної групи кількість бактерій вірогідно збільшилась на 83,5 %; інфузорій – на 65,0 %; ентодиноморфів – на 24,3 %. Через місяць експерименту у дослідній групі чисельність бактерій вірогідно збільшилась на 94,3 %; інфузорій – на 40,5 %; ентодиноморфів – на 26,7 %, порівняно з контролем (Р < 0,001). Отримані дані реєстрації першої жуйки у телят доводять, що складові ферментно-пробіотичної добавки “Імунобактерин-D” прискорюють заселення мікрофлорою та розвиток рубцевого травлення у телят в 2,5 разу порівняно із телятами контрольної групи. Перспективи подальших досліджень полягають у дослідженні впливу ферментно-пробіотичної добавки “Імунобактерин-D” на показники рубцевої ферментації телят.&nbsp

Improved reference genome of Aedes aegypti informs arbovirus vector control.

Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infect more than 400 million people each year with dangerous viral pathogens including dengue, yellow fever, Zika and chikungunya. Progress in understanding the biology of mosquitoes and developing the tools to fight them has been slowed by the lack of a high-quality genome assembly. Here we combine diverse technologies to produce the markedly improved, fully re-annotated AaegL5 genome assembly, and demonstrate how it accelerates mosquito science. We anchored physical and cytogenetic maps, doubled the number of known chemosensory ionotropic receptors that guide mosquitoes to human hosts and egg-laying sites, provided further insight into the size and composition of the sex-determining M locus, and revealed copy-number variation among glutathione S-transferase genes that are important for insecticide resistance. Using high-resolution quantitative trait locus and population genomic analyses, we mapped new candidates for dengue vector competence and insecticide resistance. AaegL5 will catalyse new biological insights and intervention strategies to fight this deadly disease vector

Population genomics of speciation and admixture

The application of population genomics to the understanding of speciation has led to the emerging field of speciation genomics. This has brought new insight into how divergence builds up within the genome during speciation and is also revealing the extent to which species can continue to exchange genetic material despite reproductive barriers. It is also providing powerful new approaches for linking genotype to phenotype in admixed populations. In this chapter, we give an overview of some of the methods that have been used and some of the novel insights gained. We also outline some of the pitfalls of the most commonly used methods and possible problems with interpretation of the results

The NEWMEDS rodent touchscreen test battery for cognition relevant to schizophrenia.

RATIONALE: The NEWMEDS initiative (Novel Methods leading to New Medications in Depression and Schizophrenia, http://www.newmeds-europe.com ) is a large industrial-academic collaborative project aimed at developing new methods for drug discovery for schizophrenia. As part of this project, Work package 2 (WP02) has developed and validated a comprehensive battery of novel touchscreen tasks for rats and mice for assessing cognitive domains relevant to schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES: This article provides a review of the touchscreen battery of tasks for rats and mice for assessing cognitive domains relevant to schizophrenia and highlights validation data presented in several primary articles in this issue and elsewhere. METHODS: The battery consists of the five-choice serial reaction time task and a novel rodent continuous performance task for measuring attention, a three-stimulus visual reversal and the serial visual reversal task for measuring cognitive flexibility, novel non-matching to sample-based tasks for measuring spatial working memory and paired-associates learning for measuring long-term memory. RESULTS: The rodent (i.e. both rats and mice) touchscreen operant chamber and battery has high translational value across species due to its emphasis on construct as well as face validity. In addition, it offers cognitive profiling of models of diseases with cognitive symptoms (not limited to schizophrenia) through a battery approach, whereby multiple cognitive constructs can be measured using the same apparatus, enabling comparisons of performance across tasks. CONCLUSION: This battery of tests constitutes an extensive tool package for both model characterisation and pre-clinical drug discovery.This work was supported by the Innovative Medicine Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no. 115008 of which resources are composed of EFPIA in-kind contribution and financial contribution from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013). The authors thank Charlotte Oomen for valuable comments on the manuscript.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-4007-

The genome sequence of segmental allotetraploid peanut Arachis hypogaea

Like many other crops, the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is of hybrid origin and has a polyploid genome that contains essentially complete sets of chromosomes from two ancestral species. Here we report the genome sequence of peanut and show that after its polyploid origin, the genome has evolved through mobile-element activity, deletions and by the flow of genetic information between corresponding ancestral chromosomes (that is, homeologous recombination). Uniformity of patterns of homeologous recombination at the ends of chromosomes favors a single origin for cultivated peanut and its wild counterpart A. monticola. However, through much of the genome, homeologous recombination has created diversity. Using new polyploid hybrids made from the ancestral species, we show how this can generate phenotypic changes such as spontaneous changes in the color of the flowers. We suggest that diversity generated by these genetic mechanisms helped to favor the domestication of the polyploid A. hypogaea over other diploid Arachis species cultivated by humans

Improved reference genome of Aedes aegypti informs arbovirus vector control

Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infect more than 400 million people each year with dangerous viral pathogens including dengue, yellow fever, Zika and chikungunya. Progress in understanding the biology of mosquitoes and developing the tools to fight them has been slowed by the lack of a high-quality genome assembly. Here we combine diverse technologies to produce the markedly improved, fully re-annotated AaegL5 genome assembly, and demonstrate how it accelerates mosquito science. We anchored physical and cytogenetic maps, doubled the number of known chemosensory ionotropic receptors that guide mosquitoes to human hosts and egg-laying sites, provided further insight into the size and composition of the sex-determining M locus, and revealed copy-number variation among glutathione S-transferase genes that are important for insecticide resistance. Using high-resolution quantitative trait locus and population genomic analyses, we mapped new candidates for dengue vector competence and insecticide resistance. AaegL5 will catalyse new biological insights and intervention strategies to fight this deadly disease vector

A chromosome-level Amaranthus cruentus genome assembly highlights gene family evolution and biosynthetic gene clusters that may underpin the nutritional value of this traditional crop

Traditional crops historically provided accessible and affordable nutrition to millions of rural dwellers but have been neglected, with most modern agricultural systems over reliant on a small number of internationally-traded crops. Traditional crops are typically well-adapted to local agro-ecological conditions and many are nutrient-dense. They can play a vital role in local food systems through enhanced nutrition (especially where diets are dominated by starch crops), food security and livelihoods for smallholder farmers, and a climate-resilient and biodiverse agriculture. Using short-read, long-read and phased sequencing technologies we generated a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly for Amaranthus cruentus, an under-researched crop with micronutrient- and protein-rich leaves and gluten-free seed, but lacking improved varieties, with respect to productivity and quality traits. The 370.9 MB genome demonstrates a shared whole genome duplication with a related species, Amaranthus hypochondriacus. Comparative genome analysis indicates chromosomal loss and fusion events following genome duplication that are common to both species, as well as fission of chromosome 2 in A. cruentus alone, giving rise to a haploid chromosome number of 17 (versus 16 in A. hypochondriacus). Genomic features potentially underlying the nutritional value of this crop include two A. cruentus-specific genes with a likely role in phytic acid synthesis (an anti-nutrient), expansion of ion transporter gene families, and identification of biosynthetic gene clusters conserved within the amaranth lineage. The A. cruentus genome assembly will underpin much-needed research and global breeding efforts to develop improved varieties for economically viable cultivation and realisation of the benefits to global nutrition security and agrobiodiversity

Improved reference genome of Aedes aegypti informs arbovirus vector control

Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infect more than 400 million people each year with dangerous viral pathogens including dengue, yellow fever, Zika and chikungunya. Progress in understanding the biology of mosquitoes and developing the tools to fight them has been slowed by the lack of a high-quality genome assembly. Here we combine diverse technologies to produce the markedly improved, fully re-annotated AaegL5 genome assembly, and demonstrate how it accelerates mosquito science. We anchored physical and cytogenetic maps, doubled the number of known chemosensory ionotropic receptors that guide mosquitoes to human hosts and egg-laying sites, provided further insight into the size and composition of the sex-determining M locus, and revealed copy-number variation among glutathione S-transferase genes that are important for insecticide resistance. Using high-resolution quantitative trait locus and population genomic analyses, we mapped new candidates for dengue vector competence and insecticide resistance. AaegL5 will catalyse new biological insights and intervention strategies to fight this deadly disease vector