Validación de un Inventario de Comportamientos Agresivos en el Tránsito

Over 20000 people die due to car accidents (Cervantes-Trejo, 2009). Moreover, other 700000 suffer injuries that result in hospitalization, as well as 40000 individuals end up with some sort of disability (Cervantes-Trejo, 2009). Alarmingly, Cervantes-Trejo (2009) reported that this problematic is rising every year. Aggressive driving is one of the main causes of traffic accidents. In this study, aggressive driving is defined in terms of inconsiderateness towards others, risky driving and frustration/hostility behaviors. The aim of this study was to create and validate an instrument to assess the construct. We intended to answer the following research question: Is the Aggressive Driving Behavior Inventory valid and reliable? This is a local validation study in Cuernavaca, Morelos in Mexico. We carried out three studies sampling 2454 participants. In the first study, we found more items in the dimension frustration/hostility behaviors rather than the ones in the other dimensions. In the second one, we discovered a high construct validity and acceptable internal consistency of the instrument. In the third one, we found that the measure obtained a high construct validity and good internal consistency. Nonetheless, we didn’t assess the content, convergent and divergent validity. We concluded that the Aggressive Driving Behavior Inventory is valid measure but needs further assessment of its psychometric soundness in a representative sample.Anualmente fallecen más de 20 mil personas en accidentes viales. (Cervantes-Trejo, 2009). Asimismo, otras 700 mil sufren daños que requieren de hospitalización, así como 40 mil personas  sufren lesiones que terminan en algún tipo de discapacidad (Cervantes-Trejo, 2009). Sin embargo, estos números rápidamente van en aumento año tras año (Cervantes-Trejo, 2009). Una de las causas principales de la accidentalidad es la agresividad vial. Para este estudio, la agresividad vial se define en términos de poca consideración, conducción de riesgo y manifestación de frustración/enfado. Para ello, este estudio estableció como objetivo principal el construir el Inventario de Comportamientos Agresivos en el Tránsito que midiera el constructo. Se planteó la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿Es válido y fiable el inventario generado? Esta investigación fue una validación local en Cuernavaca, Morelos, con 2454 participantes. Se hicieron tres estudios. El primero encontró que hubo más ítems generados en manifestación de frustración/enfado que para poca consideración y conducción de riesgo. El segundo estudio encontró una alta validez de constructo y aceptable consistencia interna. El tercer estudio encontró una alta validez de constructo y buena consistencia interna. Sin embargo, no se evaluaron la validez de contenido, convergente ni divergente. Se concluye que el Inventario de Comportamientos Agresivos es un instrumento válido pero requiere de estudios adicionales para evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas en una muestra representativa

Resiliencia y felicidad de adolescentes frente a la marginación urbana en México

La marginación urbana en México ha crecido enormemente en los últimos años afectando directamente a los jóvenes. En este estudio empírico se analizó su efecto sobre la resiliencia y felicidad juvenil en función de factores estructurales. Se aplicó el Cuestionario RESI–M y la Escala de Felicidad de un ítem, a 1201 estudiantes mexicanos de secundaria y bachillerato. Los resultados mostraron que la marginación afecta de forma diferenciada las dimensiones de la resiliencia. Además, dentro de los grupos por grado de marginación, hubo diferencias significativas en la resiliencia según sexo, escolaridad y tipo de familia. Los análisis de regresión lineal mostraron el valor predictivo de algunos de los factores estructurales. Se observó cómo las condiciones de vida marginales afectan la capacidad de resiliencia de los adolescentes, aunque no la predicen dado que el individuo puede transformarse a sí mismo y a su realidad adversa ya que la felicidad no se asocia a las condiciones del contexto, excepto en relación a la edad y la familia. Se analiza la influencia diferenciada de los tipos de familias en relación a la marginación y su papel en el desarrollo de la resiliencia para afrontar los retos futuros y evitar el desajuste social. Se aportan elementos para profundiza el estudio de los adolescentes en marginación urbana

Pollution-Aware Walking in 16 Countries:An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)

Background: The current levels of air pollution in European countries reduces life expectancy by an average of 8 months. People who actively travel by walking have a higher level of exposure to air pollution than those who use motor vehicles or electric buses. Some routes have higher air pollution levels than others, but little is known about pollution-aware route choice and intentions to actively avoid walking near polluted roads. An improved understanding of how air pollution influences intentions to walk or avoid polluted routes can inform interventions to decrease exposure. The present investigation has three aims: (1) compare experiences walking near roads with high levels of air pollution across countries; (2) identify groups of countries based on perceptions of air quality; and (3) examine how pedestrians develop their intentions of avoiding pollution using the extended TPB (demographics, social norms, attitudes, perceived control, and perceived risk).Methods: A cross-sectional design was applied. Pedestrians were asked about their experiences walking near roads with high levels of air pollution. To identify groups of countries with different levels of air pollution, a cluster analysis was implemented based on the perceptions of air quality. Finally, regressions were used to predict pedestrians’ intentions to avoid polluted roads per country group using the extended TPB.Results: 6180 respondents (Age M(SD)= 29.4(14.2); Males= 39.2%) ranging from 12.6% from Russia to 2.2% from Finland completed the questionnaire. The proportion of participants who reported never walking near air polluted roads was 12.4% (from 3% in Brazil to 54% in Japan). Seven groups of countries were identified using perceptions of air quality: G1(Japan, Mexico, Colombia, Turkey, Malaysia & Brazil), G2(Spain, Romania & Czechia), G3(Chile, Russia & Peru), G4(China), G5(Australia), G6(Finland), and G7(Portugal). Participants in China (G4) and Australia (G5) reported the worst and best air quality respectively. Across all countries, intentions to avoid polluted roads were associated with perceptions of risk. TPB-psychosocial factors such as social norms and perceived behavioural control also influenced intention in most groups. Favourable TPB-beliefs and low perceived risk increase intentions to avoid polluted routes.Conclusions: The willingness of pedestrians to walk on or near roads with high levels of air pollution differs significantly among countries in this study. Countries can be grouped based on their perceived air quality. Perceived risk was the only common predictor of intention to avoid polluted routes across the different groups of countries

Alcohol-impaired Walking in 16 Countries:A Theory-Based Investigation

Alcohol is a global risk factor for road trauma. Although drink driving has received most of the scholarly attention, there is growing evidence of the risks of alcohol-impaired walking. Alcohol-impaired pedestrians are over-represented in fatal crashes compared to non-impaired pedestrians. Additionally, empirical evidence shows that alcohol intoxication impairs road-crossing judgements. Besides some limited early research, much is unknown about the global prevalence and determinants of alcohol-impaired walking. Understanding alcohol-impaired walking will support health promotion initiatives and injury prevention. The present investigation has three aims: (1) compare the prevalence of alcohol-impaired walking across countries; (2) identify international groups of pedestrians based on psychosocial factors (i.e., Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and perceptions of risk); and (3) investigate how segments of pedestrians form their intention for alcohol-impaired walking using the extended TPB (i.e. subjective norm, attitudes, perceived control, and perceived risk). A cross-sectional design was applied. The target behaviour question was “have you been a pedestrian when your thinking or physical ability (balance/strength) is affected by alcohol?” to ensure comparability across countries. Cluster analysis based on the extended TPB was used to identify groups of countries. Finally, regressions were used to predict pedestrians’ intentions per group. A total of 6,166 respondents (Age M(SD) = 29.4 (14.2); Males = 39.2%) completed the questionnaire, ranging from 12.6% from Russia to 2.2% from Finland. The proportion of participants who reported never engaging in alcohol-impaired walking in the last three months ranged from 30.1% (Spain) to 83.1% (Turkey). Four groups of countries were identified: group-1 (Czech Republic, Spain, and Australia), group-2 (Russia and Finland), group-3 (Japan), and group-4 (final ten countries including Colombia, China, and Romania). Pedestrian intentions to engage in alcohol- impaired walking are predicted by perceptions of risk and TPB-psychosocial factors in group-1 and group-4. Favourable TPB-beliefs and low perceived risk increased alcohol-impaired walking intentions. Conversely, subjective norms were not significant in group-2 and only perceived risk predicted intention in group-3. The willingness of pedestrians to walk when alcohol-impaired differs significantly across the countries in this study. Perceived risk was the only common predictor among the 16 countries.</p

La plaza pública

1 archivo PDF (269 páginas) : incluye ilustraciones"El interés central de la publicación radica en discutir sobre la crisis de la “ciudad” o de la “urbanidad” que se manifiesta con más fuerza en el espacio público, ya que actualmente existen formas que obstaculizan el contacto; esto es, la relación entre personas y entre actividades dentro del espacio urbano. Algunos autores han insinuado que el espacio público está condenado a la irrelevancia, de manera que incluso plantean la existencia de los llamados “no lugares” que no están vinculados a algún sitio específico. ...

Childhood acute leukemias are frequent in Mexico City: descriptive epidemiology

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Worldwide, acute leukemia is the most common type of childhood cancer. It is particularly common in the Hispanic populations residing in the United States, Costa Rica, and Mexico City. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of acute leukemia in children who were diagnosed and treated in public hospitals in Mexico City.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Included in this study were those children, under 15 years of age and residents of Mexico City, who were diagnosed in 2006 and 2007 with leukemia, as determined by using the International Classification of Childhood Cancer. The average annual incidence rates (AAIR), and the standardized average annual incidence rates (SAAIR) per million children were calculated. We calculated crude, age- and sex-specific incidence rates and adjusted for age by the direct method with the world population as standard. We determined if there were a correlation between the incidence of acute leukemias in the various boroughs of Mexico City and either the number of agricultural hectares, the average number of persons per household, or the municipal human development index for Mexico (used as a reference of socio-economic level).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Although a total of 610 new cases of leukemia were registered during 2006-2007, only 228 fit the criteria for inclusion in this study. The overall SAAIR was 57.6 per million children (95% CI, 46.9-68.3); acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was the most frequent type of leukemia, constituting 85.1% of the cases (SAAIR: 49.5 per million), followed by acute myeloblastic leukemia at 12.3% (SAAIR: 6.9 per million), and chronic myeloid leukemia at 1.7% (SAAIR: 0.9 per million). The 1-4 years age group had the highest SAAIR for ALL (77.7 per million). For cases of ALL, 73.2% had precursor B-cell immunophenotype (SAAIR: 35.8 per million) and 12.4% had T-cell immunophenotype (SAAIR 6.3 per million). The peak ages for ALL were 2-6 years and 8-10 years. More than half the children (58.8%) were classified as high risk. There was a positive correlation between the average number of persons per household and the incidence of the pre-B immunophenotype (Pearson's r, 0.789; P = 0.02).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The frequency of ALL in Mexico City is among the highest in the world, similar to those found for Hispanics in the United States and in Costa Rica.</p

Overweight People Have Low Levels of Implicit Weight Bias, but Overweight Nations Have High Levels of Implicit Weight Bias

Although a greater degree of personal obesity is associated with weaker negativity toward overweight people on both explicit (i.e., self-report) and implicit (i.e., indirect behavioral) measures, overweight people still prefer thin people on average. We investigated whether the national and cultural context - particularly the national prevalence of obesity predicts attitudes toward overweight people independent of personal identity and weight status. Data were collected from a total sample of 338,121 citizens from 71 nations in 22 different languages on the Project Implicit website (https://implicit.harvard.edu/) between May 2006 and October 2010. We investigated the relationship of the explicit and implicit weight bias with the obesity both at the individual (i.e., across individuals) and national (i.e., across nations) level. Explicit weight bias was assessed with self-reported preference between overweight and thin people; implicit weight bias was measured with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The national estimates of explicit and implicit weight bias were obtained by averaging the individual scores for each nation. Obesity at the individual level was defined as Body Mass Index (BMI) scores, whereas obesity at the national level was defined as three national weight indicators (national BMI, national percentage of overweight and underweight people) obtained from publicly available databases. Across individuals, greater degree of obesity was associated with weaker implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. Across nations, in contrast, a greater degree of national obesity was associated with stronger implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. This result indicates a different relationship between obesity and implicit weight bias at the individual and national levels

Gestión del conocimiento. Perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 9

El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, volumen 9, de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro es una publicación internacional, seriada, continua, arbitrada de acceso abierto a todas las áreas del conocimiento, que cuenta con el esfuerzo de investigadores de varios países del mundo, orientada a contribuir con procesos de gestión del conocimiento científico, tecnológico y humanístico que consoliden la transformación del conocimiento en diferentes escenarios, tanto organizacionales como universitarios, para el desarrollo de habilidades cognitivas del quehacer diario. La gestión del conocimiento es un camino para consolidar una plataforma en las empresas públicas o privadas, entidades educativas, organizaciones no gubernamentales, ya sea generando políticas para todas las jerarquías o un modelo de gestión para la administración, donde es fundamental articular el conocimiento, los trabajadores, directivos, el espacio de trabajo, hacia la creación de ambientes propicios para el desarrollo integral de las instituciones

El uso prolongado de videojuegos violentos influye en la percepción de la violencia de adultos jóvenes

The present study states the possibility that the use of videogames that are of a violent nature is associated to a greater perception of violence in one’s environment. An instrument was constructed that evaluates the frequency of use of a series of the most common videogames, the level of violence that they have, and a small scale that aims to determine the perception of violence. Said instrument was used to gather a sample of 549 young adults, who were contacted through different settings. The results of this study state that whilst a person plays more videogames, the greater his perception of violence will be, and the greater he or she will invest time in playing videogames of a violent nature. Also, it is found that the level of education predicts the frequency of playing less violent videogames, which recommends exploring psychological variables in future studies.El presente estudio plantea la posibilidad de que el uso de videojuegos de naturaleza violenta esté asociado a una mayor percepción de violencia en el entorno. El objetivo principal es determinar la influencia que tiene el jugar videojuegos de naturaleza violenta con la percepción de la violencia del entorno. Con este fin, se construye un instrumento que evalúa la frecuencia con la que se juega una serie de videojuegos más comunes, y el nivel de violencia que tienen los mismos, además de una pequeña escala que busca determinar la percepción de la violencia. Dicho instrumento fue aplicado a una muestra de 549 adultos jóvenes, quienes fueron abordados a través de diversos escenarios. Los resultados de este estudio demostraron que mientras más se jueguen videojuegos, mayor será la predilección de juegos de naturaleza violenta. Además, se encuentra que el nivel educativo es un predictor de la predilección de menos juegos violentos, por lo que se recomienda abordar otras variables psicológicas en futuros estudios