Mortality of Spanish soccer referees and coaches: a retrospective cohort study

There is evidence that elite soccer players live longer than general population, but there is no information on soccer coaches and referees. We aimed to analyze the longevity of both professionals, comparing them with soccer players and with general population. In this retrospective cohort study, a total of 328 male Spanish soccer coaches, 287 referees, and 1230 soccer players, all born before 1950, were divided in two cohorts, matched 2:1 with coaches and referees. We compared the survival of the cohorts with the Kaplan–Meier estimator and significance with the log-rank test. We calculated hazard ratios of death for coaches and referees compared with male Spanish general population of the same period. Differences in survival among cohorts were found, but they did not reach statistical significance. The estimated median survival time was 80.1 years (95% CI 77.7–82.4) for referees, 78 years (95% CI 76.6–79.3) for coaches, 78.8 years (95% CI 77.6–80) for referees matched with players, and 76.6 years (95% CI 75.3–77.9) for coaches matched with players. Both coaches and referees had lower mortality than general population, but this advantage disappeared after 80 years of age. We found no differences in longevity among Spanish elite soccer referees, coaches and players born before 1950. Both coaches and referees had lower mortality than general population, but this advantage disappeared after 80 years of age

Re-warm-up practices in elite and sub-elite Spanish men's and women's basketball team:practitioners' perspectives

[EN] Objective: Research suggests that an active re-warm-up (RW-U) during half-time improves performance capacity in team sports, despite limited evidence in basketball. This study aimed to identify the practice of RW-U activities during the half-time period in elite and sub-elite Spanish men's and women's basketball teams. Methods: We asked strength and conditioning coaches from all teams competing at ACB, LF, LF2, LEB Oro, LEB Plata and EBA leagues during the 2020/21 season to fill in a web survey. Results: All respondents reported familiarization with the RW-U concept, although 45% only reproduced traditional strategies. Half of the coaches indicated that they always performed some activity, while the other half pointed out lack of time (45.7%) and player demands (62.9%) as the main constraints impeding its regular use. Conclusion: Spanish basketball teams continue to reproduce traditional practices of active re-warm-up during half-time, regardless of their competitive level

Feasibility and reliability of the functional movement screen battery in adults with intellectual disability

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUGBackground: The feasibility and reliability of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) battery for predicting injury risk have been widely studied in athletic, military, public service and healthy populations. However, scant research has been carried out in people with disabilities. This study aimed at identifying the feasibility and reliability of the FMS battery when administered to adults with intellectual disability (ID). Methods: Adults from a residential and day care centre over 18 years of age, diagnosed with ID and able to follow simple instructions, were included in the study. All participants with behavioural or health problems that prevented the completion of the FMS battery were excluded. All exercises were video recorded to assure proper scoring. Three assessors (one trained and two novices) scored each of the FMS subtests performed separately from the videos. Feasibility was based on completion rates. Reliability of the composite test scores was analysed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results: A total of 30 people with ID (mean age: 35.5 ± 7.12 years; 33.3% women) completed all assessments. The battery showed to be feasible, although difficulties when performing two of the subtests were observed among those with moderate and severe ID. Mean total scores from the three assessors ranged from 7.83 to 8.90. An inverse trend was observed indicating that the higher the ID level, the lower the total FMS score. Test–retest reliability was good for the trained assessor (ICC = 0.89) and mostly moderate for both novice assessors (ICC range: 0.60 to 0.76). Moderate to good inter-rater reliability was observed (ICC range: 0.65 to 0.80). Conclusion: The FMS battery is a reliable tool that can be performed by people with ID, albeit with certain difficulties, especially in those with moderate to severe impairment. The battery does not seem to be useful for identifying people with ID at risk of suffering a sport injury. Adequately powered, well-designed studies are required to determine if the FMS battery is appropriate for identifying changes in functional performance in this population

Effects of physical exercise in people with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Studies suggest that physical exercise lead to improvements in the psychosocial dimension, associated comorbidities as well as to a higher quality of life (QoL) in people with epilepsy. However, there is a need to provide evidence-based guidelines for its prescription. Therefore, this review aimed to systematically evaluate and meta-analyze the available data on the potential effects of physical exercise training programs in people with epilepsy. Methods: Four electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, PEDro, SPORTDiscuss and Scopus) were searched systematically from their inception until April 2022 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparative studies and non-controlled studies that provided information regarding the effects of physical exercise training programs on people with epilepsy. The studies’ methodological quality assessment was performed using the PEDro, the MINORS and the Quality Assessment Tool for Before–After Studies with No Control Group scales. For the meta-analysis, inverse variance or generic inverse variance was use to report mean difference or standardized mean difference for continuous data and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed with the Chi-squared test and I2 test. Results: After removing duplicated studies, 82 results were retrieved by the literature search and 14 were eligible for full text search. Finally, 14 studies with a methodological quality ranging from good to low quality met the inclusion criteria. Totally, 331 people with epilepsy were evaluated. Significant changes between preand post-intervention results in the exercise intervention groups were observed for QoL, fitness level, psycho-affective and neurocognitive outcomes. Findings from the meta-analysis indicated that moderate exercise led to a non-significant decrease (p = 0.08, Chi-squared test) in seizure frequency (SMD 0.33 95% CI 0.04; 0.70), while a significant effect of exercise was observed on QoL with a mean improvement of 4.72 percentage points (95% CI 0.58; 8.86, p = 0.03). Conclusion: Improvements on QoL, fitness level, psycho-affective and neurocognitive outcomes can be achieved through exercise training in people with epilepsy. Altogether, the findings suggest that people with epilepsy can benefit from exercising

Fiabilidad y validez del cuestionario Perceived Physical Fitness Scale en población escolar española

FUNDAMENTOS: Los cuestionarios de autopercepción se consideran una alternativa útil para valorar el nivel de condición física (CF) de una población. Sin embargo, existen muy pocos cuestionarios de este tipo que hayan sido validados en población española. En este estudio se planteó identificar la fiabilidad y validez del cuestionario Perceived Physical Fitness Scale (PPFS) en escolares españoles. MÉTODOS: Tras un proceso de retrotraducción, se administró el cuestionario PPFS en dos momentos a 722 estudiantes (Primaria, n=207; Secundaria, n=515) para determinar su fiabilidad. Para identificar su validez convergente, se administró la Escala Internacional de Aptitud Física (IFIS) y pruebas de campo de valoración de la CF extraídas de la batería Eurofit. La consistencia interna, la fiabilidad y la validez convergente del cuestionario fueron testadas mediante el alpha de Cronbach, el coeficiente de correlación intraclase y el coeficiente de Pearson. RESULTADOS: La consistencia interna del PPFS fue aceptable en Primaria (α=0,702) y buena en Secundaria (α=0,888), mientras que la fiabilidad fue pobre en Primaria (CCI=0,490; IC 95% [0,298-0,665]) y buena en Secundaria (CCI=0,797; IC 95% [0,760-0,829]). El PPFS mostró asociaciones estadísticamente significativas con la CF valorada a través de la Eurofit (Primaria; r=0,421; p<0,001 / Secundaria; r=0,533; p<0,001) y con la escala IFIS (Primaria; r=0,356; p<0,001 / Secundaria r=0,792; p<0,001). CONCLUSIONES: La versión adaptada al castellano del cuestionario PPFS muestra una buena fiabilidad y una adecuada validez convergente a la hora de ser empleada como herramienta de valoración de la propia condición física entre el alumnado de Secundaria. La pobre fiabilidad y débil asociación demostrada con la escala IFIS entre el alumnado de Primaria desaconseja su uso en este nivel educativo.BACKGROUND: Self-perception questionnaires are considered a useful alternative to assess the level of physical fitness (PF) of a specific population. However, very few questionnaires of this type have been validated in the Spanish population. The aim of this study was to identify the reliability and validity of the Perceived Physical Fitness Scale (PPFS) in Spanish students. METHODS: After a back-translation process, the PPFS questionnaire was administered twice to 722 students (primary school, n=207; secondary school, n=515) to determine its reliability. To identify its convergent validity, the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) was administered, as well as a set of PF field-based tests from the Eurofit battery. The questionnaire internal consistency, reliability and convergent validity of the questionnaire were assessed by means of the Cronbach’s alpha, intraclass correlation coefficient and Pearson corelation coefficient. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the PPFS was accurate among Primary (α=0.702) and good among Secondary (α=0.888) students., Reliability was poor among Primary (ICC=0.490; 95% CI [0.298-0.665]) and good among Secondary (ICC=0.797; 95% CI [0.760-0.829]) students. The PPFS showed significant associations with PF levels assessed by means of the Eurofit (Primary; r=0.421; p<0.001 / Secondary; r=0.533; p<0.001) and with the IFIS scale (Primary; r=0.356; p<0.001 / Secondary r=0.792; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish adapted version of the PPFS questionnaire shows good reliability and acceptable convergent validity when used as a tool to assess PF among secondary school students. Its poor reliability, together with the weak association demonstrated against the IFIS scale among primary school students discourages the PPFS use at this educational level

The role of p21Waf 1/CIP1 as a Cip/Kip type cell-cycle regulator in oral squamous cell carcinoma: review

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is biologically characterized by the accumulation of multiple genetic and molecular alterations that end up clinically characterized as a malignant neoplasm through a phenomenon known as multistep. The members of the Cip/Kip family, specifically p21 Waf 1/CIP1 , are responsible for cell cycle control, blocking the transition from phase G1 to phase S. We made a search of articles of peer-reviewed Journals in PubMed/ Medline, crossing the keywords. The goal of this paper is to determine the relationship between p21 Waf 1/ CIP1 expression and several clinical and pathological aspects of OSCC, their relationship with p53 and HPV, as well as genetic alterations in their expression pattern, their use as a prognosis market in the evolution of precancer - ous lesions and their roles in anticancer treatments. The results of p21 WA F1/C I P1 expression in OSCC showed mixed results in terms of positivity/negativity throughout different studies. It seems that, although p21 Waf 1/CIP1 expression is controlled in a p53-dependent manner, coexpression of both in OSCC is not intrinsically related. Although the presence of HPV viral oncoproteins increases p21 Waf 1/CIP1 levels, the small number of studies, have forced us to disregard the hypothesis that HPV infected lesions that present better prognosis are due to a p21 Waf 1/CIP1 -dependent control. The role of p21 WA F1/C I P1 as cell-cycle regulator has been well described; however, its relationship to OSCC, the clinical and pathological variables of tumors, HPV and different treatments are not entirely clear. Thus, it would be very interesting to pursue further study of this protein, which may have a significant value for the diagnosis, prog nosis and therapy of this type of tumors

Influence of exercise in the body image of preadolescents and adolescents: importance of the body mass index as a factor of confusion

Introducción: los adolescentes son el grupo más vulnerable frente a las distorsiones en la percepción de la imagen. Ello les conduce frecuentemente a una insatisfacción corporal que puede afectar negativamente a su autoestima. La práctica de actividad física (AF) podría ayudar a solventar este problema. Objetivos: analizar la influencia que la cantidad de AF realizada tiene sobre la autopercepción de la imagen corporal en población pre y adolescente, teniendo en cuenta factores de confusión que pudieran afectar a esta relación. Métodos: estudio transversal con 822 participantes de entre 9 y 16 años. Se determinó la prevalencia de AF, su índice de masa corporal (IMC) y su condición física (CF) objetiva y percibida. Se empleó el pictograma de Stunkard para determinar el grado de insatisfacción corporal. Resultados: se determinó que existe una satisfacción generalizada con la propia imagen corporal con independencia de la edad y el sexo. Se encontraron asociaciones significativas de baja magnitud entre la imagen corporal percibida y la cantidad de AF, la CF percibida y la CF objetiva. La AF no influyó en la satisfacción corporal cuando se ajustó en base al IMC, que fue la variable que presentó correlaciones más elevadas con la autopercepción (r = 0,713) y la propia satisfacción (r = 0,576). Conclusiones: se determinó que existe una satisfacción generalizada con la propia imagen corporal en la población pre y adolescente objeto de estudio. La cantidad de AF no se mostró como una variable de gran influencia sobre la autopercepción y la satisfacción corporal, al contrario que el IMC.Introduction: adolescents are the group most vulnerable to distortions in the perception of their image. This often leads to body dissatisfaction that can negatively affect their self-esteem. The practice of physical activity (PA) could help solve this problem. Objectives: to analyze the influence that the amount of PA performed has on the self-perception of body image in the pre and adolescent population while taking into account confounding factors that could affect this relationship. Methods: a cross-sectional study of 822 participants aged 9 to 16 years was conducted. The prevalence of PA, their body mass index (BMI), and their objective and perceived physical condition (PC) were determined. The Stunkard pictogram was used to determine the degree of body dissatisfaction. Results: a generalized satisfaction with own body image was found regardless of age and sex. Low-magnitude significant associations were found between perceived body image and the amount of PA, perceived PC, and objective PC. PA did not influence body satisfaction when adjusted for BMI, which was the variable that presented the highest correlations with self-perception (r = 0.713) and self-satisfaction (r = 0.576). Conclusions: a generalized satisfaction with one’s own body image was identified in the pre and adolescent population under study. The amount of PA was not shown to be a variable with great influence on self-perception and body satisfaction, contrary to BMI

Phylogeny and phylogeography of a recent HIV-1 subtype F outbreak among men who have sex with men in Spain deriving from a cluster with a wide geographic circulation in Western Europe

This work received support from the Dirección General de Farmacia, Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, Government of Spain, grant EC11-272; European Network of Excellence EUROPRISE (Rational Design of HIV Vaccines and Microbicides), grant LSHP-CT-2006-037611; European Research Infrastructures for Poverty Related Diseases (EURIPRED). Seventh Framework Programme: FP7-Capacities-infrastructures-2012-1, grant agreement 312661; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Evaluación, and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Plan Nacional I + D + I, through project RD12/0017/0026; Consellería de Sanidade, Government of Galicia, Spain (MVI 1291/08); and the Osakidetza-Servicio Vasco de Salud, Basque Country, Spain (MVI-1255-08). Marcos Pérez-Losada was supported by a DC D-CFAR Research Award from the District of Columbia Developmental Center for AIDS Research (P30AI087714) and by an University Facilitating Fund award from George Washington University. Aurora Fernández-García is supported by CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.We recently reported the rapid expansion of an HIV-1 subtype F cluster among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the region of Galicia, Northwest Spain. Here we update this outbreak, analyze near full-length genomes, determine phylogenetic relationships, and estimate its origin. For this study, we used sequences of HIV-1 protease-reverse transcriptase and env V3 region, and for 17 samples, near full-length genome sequences were obtained. Phylogenetic analyses were performed via maximum likelihood. Locations and times of most recent common ancestors were estimated using Bayesian inference. Among samples analyzed by us, 100 HIV-1 F1 subsubtype infections of monophyletic origin were diagnosed in Spain, including 88 in Galicia and 12 in four other regions. Most viruses (n = 90) grouped in a subcluster (Galician subcluster), while 7 from Valladolid (Central Spain) grouped in another subcluster. At least 94 individuals were sexually-infected males and at least 71 were MSM. Seventeen near full-length genomes were uniformly of F1 subsubtype. Through similarity searches and phylogenetic analyses, we identified 18 viruses from four other Western European countries [Switzerland (n = 8), Belgium (n = 5), France (n = 3), and United Kingdom (n = 2)] and one from Brazil, from samples collected in 2005?2011, which branched within the subtype F cluster, outside of both Spanish subclusters, most of them corresponding to recently infected individuals. The most probable geographic origin and age of the Galician subcluster was Ferrol, Northwest Galicia, around 2007, while the Western European cluster probably emerged in Switzerland around 2002. In conclusion, a recently expanded HIV-1 subtype F cluster, the largest non-subtype B cluster reported in Western Europe, continues to spread among MSM in Spain; this cluster is part of a larger cluster with a wide geographic circulation in diverse Western European countries.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Development of anatomic models through plastination techniques as an alternative to the use of animals in teaching and as an essential resource in the teaching-learning process

La implantación del principio de las 3Rs (Reducción, Refinamiento y Reemplazo), descritas por Russell y Burch en 1959, fue el punto de partida de numerosos cambios en la utilización de los animales, tanto en el ámbito de la investigación como de la docencia. Por tanto, es necesario ir propiciando el empleo de alternativas y que el profesorado disponga de recursos y de una buena información. Este proyecto se propone como objetivo esencial la elaboración de modelos animales mediante técnicas de plastinación como recurso docente alternativo al uso de animales vivos, y proporcionando al profesorado la disposición de medios y recursos esenciales en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del alumnado. Los alumnos podrán disponer de una variedad de modelos animales en las sesiones prácticas, y/o teórico/prácticas de las distintas disciplinas en las que sea necesario el uso de animales. Podrán trabajar con un modelo fiel al original sin necesidad de utilizar modelos vivos y podrán desarrollar las distintas técnicas y procedimientos que realizarían in vivo sin necesidad de generar un estrés innecesario a los animales por su manejo por personal aún no capacitado para ello, evitando situaciones que hagan peligrar el bienestar animal (RD 53/2003). El desarrollo de estos modelos plastinados supondrá recurso docente esencial para la adquisición de las habilidades específicas en distintas disciplinas Biomédicas que conlleven el uso de animales, tales como los Grados en Veterinaria, Biología, Medicina, Enfermería, etc.The implementation of the 3Rs principles (Reduction, Refinement and Replacement), described by Russell and Burch in 1959, was the starting point of numerous changes in the use of animals in the fields of research and teaching. Therefore, it is necessary to foster the use of alternative methods and provide teachers with resources and good information. This project aims to develop animal models through the application of plastination techniques as an alternative teaching resource to the use of animals. In this way, the project aims to provide teaching staff with tools and resources that are essential in the teaching-learning process. The students will be able to use a variety of animal models in practical and/or theoretical-practical sessions of the different subject areas, in which the use of animals is necessary. They will be able to work with animal models that are similar to the original, while avoiding the use of animals. Moreover, they will be able to learn and practice different techniques and procedures that they would carry out in vivo, without generating unnecessary stress to the animals caused by their management by untrained personnel. This approach is therefore in full conformity with existing animal welfare regulations (i.e. RD 53/2003). Plastinated models will become a an essential teaching resource for the acquisition of the specific skills in different Biomedical and Science disciplines that involve the use of animals, such as Veterinary Science, Biology, Environmental Sciences, Medicine, Nursing, etc

Aproximación práctica, transversal e interdisciplinar a la tutela jurídica de la violencia de género: la simulación como método de aprendizaje

Memoria ID-0099. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2016-2017