Study on the effect of processing methods on the total polyphenol, 2,3,5,4’-tetrahydroxystilben-2-O-β-D-glucoside, and physcion contents in Fallopia multiflora Thunb. Haraldson root

This study investigated the changes in the ingredients in Fallopia multiflora Thunb. Haraldson (FMT) root after processing it with different methods such as soaking, stewing, and steaming or combined methods. The total polyphenol, 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilben-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), and physcion contents in FMT products after processing were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) methods. The results demonstrated that the processing method and time significantly affected the contents of polyphenol, THSG, and physcion. The physcion and total polyphenol content increased or decreased during processing depending upon the processing time, while the THSG content gradually decreased with an increase in the processing time. The content of physcion (a substance that can cause liver toxicity) was analysed, and the suitable conditions for processing of the FMT products were determined as initial soaking in rice swill for 24 h and subsequent stewing with black beans and water for 12 h

Simultaneous quantitative analyses of Tanshinone I, Cryptotanshinone, and Tanshinone IIA in Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) cultivated in Vietnam using LC-MS/MS

74-83By using chromatography methods, the principal compounds tanshinon I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone IIA were isolated from danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge). Based on the spectroscopic data (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and ESI-MS mass spectra), the structures were determined. The compound was purified (purity > 99.8%) by Agilent 218 purification system, which was used as the standard for analyzing tanshinon I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone IIA in six samples. In this study, one LC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous quantitative determination of three bioactive principles, tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, and tanshinone IIA in Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae (RSM, the root of S. miltiorrhiza). The quantification of these diterpenoids is based on the fragments of [M+H]+ under collision-activated conditions and in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The quantitative method is validated by determining the mean recovery from fortified samples of tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, and tanshinone IIA as higher than 98%. The established method is successfully applied to the quality assessment of six batches of RSM samples collected from different regions of Vietnam. The results show that Lam Dong sample has the highest tanshinone I content (4.4286±0.0009 µg/mg), meanwhile Muong Long sample has the lowest (1.2717±0.0013µg/mg). Lam Dong sample has the highest cryptotanshinone content (8.1589±0.0006 µg/mg), whereas Guangxi-China sample has the lowest (2.8630±0.0008 µg/mg). Ha Giang sample has the highest tanshinone IIA content (13.0252±0.0004 µg/mg), whereas Muong Long sample has the lowest (3.8278±0.0003 µg/mg)

Classification of Cordyceps and related fungi – a review

Cordyceps and related fungi (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) have a long history of interaction with human. This fungal group is well-known for its application in agriculture and medicine. Great interest has been given for this group, especially in their classification and systematics. In this current review, current classification system of Cordyceps fungi is presented under the view of morphology and molecular phylogenetics

Simultaneous quantitative analyses of Tanshinone I, Cryptotanshinone, and Tanshinone IIA in Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) cultivated in Vietnam using LC-MS/MS

By using chromatography methods, the principal compounds tanshinon I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone IIA were isolated from danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge). Based on the spectroscopic data (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and ESI-MS mass spectra), the structures were determined. The compound was purified (purity > 99.8%) by Agilent 218 purification system, which was used as the standard for analyzing tanshinon I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone IIA in six samples. In this study, one LC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous quantitative determination of three bioactive principles, tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, and tanshinone IIA in Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae (RSM, the root of S. miltiorrhiza). The quantification of these diterpenoids is based on the fragments of [M+H]+ under collision-activated conditions and in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The quantitative method is validated by determining the mean recovery from fortified samples of tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, and tanshinone IIA as higher than 98%. The established method is successfully applied to the quality assessment of six batches of RSM samples collected from different regions of Vietnam. The results show that Lam Dong sample has the highest tanshinone I content (4.4286±0.0009 µg/mg), meanwhile Muong Long sample has the lowest (1.2717±0.0013µg/mg). Lam Dong sample has the highest cryptotanshinone content (8.1589±0.0006 µg/mg), whereas Guangxi-China sample has the lowest (2.8630±0.0008 µg/mg). Ha Giang sample has the highest tanshinone IIA content (13.0252±0.0004 µg/mg), whereas Muong Long sample has the lowest (3.8278±0.0003 µg/mg)

Carrageenophyte-attached and planktonic bacterial communities in two distinct bays of Vietnam: Eutrophication indicators and insights on ice-ice disease

The composition of the bacterial community of carrageenophyte-attached and planktonic bacteria was studied in two bays of Vietnam with contrasting anthropogenic inputs to assess their role as ecological indicators. Clear differences (~73% dissimilarity) between carrageenophyte-attached bacteria and bacterioplankton were detected in terms of genus composition: mainly Agaribacter, Ruegeria, Alteromonas, the Pir4 lineage and Vibrio for the carrageenophytes and Candidatus Actinomarina, HIMB 11, NS groups and SAR clades for the bacterioplankton. The copiotrophic nature, potential for complex-polymer degradation, and ability to form and defend biofilms were common features inferred for the carrageenophyte-attached microbiome. Significant differences between the bays were detected in the concentration of most inorganic nutrients. More eutrophic conditions and presumptive wastewater pollution in Cam Ranh (CR) bay were primarily indicated by the dominance of Rubripirellula, Leptobacterium, Hypnocyclicus and Porphyrobacter and their correlations with phosphate. In terms of bacterioplankton, the influence of intensive aquaculture in CR bay was suggested by the dominance of the NS5 and NS4 marine groups, the SUP05 cluster, Flavobacteriaceae unclassified and SAR 11 clade III as well as their strong correlations with ammonium and phosphate. The link between silicate and other inorganic nutrients suggests freshwater input in CR bay. Arenicellaceae unclassified and Formosa were also potential indicators of eutrophication. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of Marinagarivorans, Cobetia, Vibrio, Alteromonas and Pseudoalteromonas were typical of the carrageenophytes showing ice-ice disease symptoms. Vibrio and Alteromonas were also common among healthy macroalgae, and differences at the OTU level suggested potential succession of species from the healthy to the diseased state. The probable beneficial roles of some bacteria, such as Ruegeria, Cutibacterium and unidentified members of the family Rhizobiaceae, were discussed. This study provides pioneering insights into the bacterial community composition of carrageenophytes and highlights their ecological value as strong indicators of the sources of organic matter, anthropogenic impacts and health status of marine systems.Fil: Kopprio, Germán Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina. Leibniz - Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Alemania. Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. Institute of Natural Product Chemistry; VietnamFil: Cuong, Le Huu. Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. Graduate University of Science and Technology; Vietnam. Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. Institute of Natural Product Chemistry; VietnamFil: Luyen, Nguyen Dinh. Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. Graduate University of Science and Technology; Vietnam. Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. Institute of Natural Product Chemistry; VietnamFil: Duc, Tran Mai. Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. Nhatrang Institute of Technology Research and Application; VietnamFil: Ha, Tran Hong. Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. Graduate University of Science and Technology; VietnamFil: Huong, Le Mai. Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. Institute of Natural Product Chemistry; Vietnam. Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. Graduate University of Science and Technology; VietnamFil: Gärdes, Astrid. Leibniz - Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Alemania. University of Applied Sciences; Alemania. Alfred-Wegener-Institut. Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung; Alemani

Discorvery of Entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps takaomontana at Langbian Mountain, Lam Dong, Vietnam

The stromata of Cordyceps takaomontana Y. Kobayashi (1941) were found on the Langbian Mountain, Da Lat, Vietnam at the height of 1.650 meter above sea level, on the larva of Lepidoptera. Stromata were lemon-yellow, clavate to enlongated clavate, arising from a white pseudosclerotium. The fertile head was on the top part of stromata, darker colored in comparison to the stipe. Perithecium was narrowly ovoid, superficial and forming dark yellow punctate on the surface of stromata. Ascus was cylindrical with semi-spherical cap. Ascospores were cylindrical, truncated and separately after discharge from the ascus. Pure culture was isolated on Potato Glucose Agar (PGA) medium: white colony in young and yellow in old. The isolated mycelium was not homogenous in thickness and in growth rate at the peripheral area. Conidiophores were phialide, tapering to both apexes. Conidia had elliptical shape and formed into chains after maturation. DNA was isolated, then purified from pure mycelium and used to amplifying the nrLSU (nuclear ribosomal large subunit) and rpb1 (RNA polymerase II largest subunit) genes. The amplified products were used for sequencing, proof-reading by some professional softwares before combining with other nrLSU and rpb1 sequences. Then this database was used to search for the suitable evolution model as well as to construct the phylogenetic trees. The results of phylogenetic analysis completely supported the morphological classification: DL0038A and DL0038B were Cordyceps takaomontana Y. Kobayashi (1941)

Safety and efficacy of fluoxetine on functional outcome after acute stroke (AFFINITY): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Trials of fluoxetine for recovery after stroke report conflicting results. The Assessment oF FluoxetINe In sTroke recoverY (AFFINITY) trial aimed to show if daily oral fluoxetine for 6 months after stroke improves functional outcome in an ethnically diverse population. Methods AFFINITY was a randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial done in 43 hospital stroke units in Australia (n=29), New Zealand (four), and Vietnam (ten). Eligible patients were adults (aged ≥18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of acute stroke in the previous 2–15 days, brain imaging consistent with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, and a persisting neurological deficit that produced a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 1 or more. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 via a web-based system using a minimisation algorithm to once daily, oral fluoxetine 20 mg capsules or matching placebo for 6 months. Patients, carers, investigators, and outcome assessors were masked to the treatment allocation. The primary outcome was functional status, measured by the mRS, at 6 months. The primary analysis was an ordinal logistic regression of the mRS at 6 months, adjusted for minimisation variables. Primary and safety analyses were done according to the patient's treatment allocation. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12611000774921. Findings Between Jan 11, 2013, and June 30, 2019, 1280 patients were recruited in Australia (n=532), New Zealand (n=42), and Vietnam (n=706), of whom 642 were randomly assigned to fluoxetine and 638 were randomly assigned to placebo. Mean duration of trial treatment was 167 days (SD 48·1). At 6 months, mRS data were available in 624 (97%) patients in the fluoxetine group and 632 (99%) in the placebo group. The distribution of mRS categories was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (adjusted common odds ratio 0·94, 95% CI 0·76–1·15; p=0·53). Compared with patients in the placebo group, patients in the fluoxetine group had more falls (20 [3%] vs seven [1%]; p=0·018), bone fractures (19 [3%] vs six [1%]; p=0·014), and epileptic seizures (ten [2%] vs two [<1%]; p=0·038) at 6 months. Interpretation Oral fluoxetine 20 mg daily for 6 months after acute stroke did not improve functional outcome and increased the risk of falls, bone fractures, and epileptic seizures. These results do not support the use of fluoxetine to improve functional outcome after stroke

PHÁT TRIỂN ĐIỆN CỰC MÀNG BIZMUT IN-SITU CHO PHƯƠNG PHÁP VON-AMPE HÒA TAN ANOT XUNG VI PHÂN XÁC ĐỊNH LƯỢNG VẾT ĐỒNG VÀ CHÌ TRONG NƯỚC

The bismuth film electrode prepared in-situ on glassy carbon disk surface (abbreviated to BiFE in-situ) was used as a working electrode for Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (DP-ASV) for the determination of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) in an acetate buffer (pH = 5). The influence of the factors on Cu and Pb stripping peak currents (Ip), such as BiIII concentration, pH, deposition potential, deposition time, electrode rotating speed, and interferents, was investigated. At the deposition potential of –1400 mV, the deposition time of 120 s, and other appropriate experimental parameters, the method obtains high sensitivity (0.313 ± 0.004; 0.220 ± 0.010 μA/ppb for Cu and Pb, respectively), good reproducibility of the Ip (RSD = 3.2% and 1.8% (n = 8) for Cu and Pb respectively); low detection limit  (3s = 1.8 ppb and 0.8 ppb for Cu and Pb, respectively); linear correlation between Ip and the metal concentration is good in the range of 2.5–25 ppb each metal (R ≥ 0.995). The method has been successfully applied to identify Cu and Pb in three water samples at Thua Thien Hue province.Điện cực màng bizmut tạo ra theo kiểu in-situ trên nền đĩa rắn than thủy tinh (viết tắt là BiFE in-situ) được dùng cho phương pháp von-ampe hòa tan anot xung vi phân (DP-ASV) để xác định đồng (Cu) và chì (Pb) trong nền đệm axetat (pH = 5). Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến dòng đỉnh hòa tan (Ip) của Cu và Pb như nồng độ BiIII, pH, thế và thời gian điện phân làm giàu, tốc độ quay điện cực, các chất cản trở… cũng được khảo sát. Ở thế điện phân làm giàu –1400 mV, thời gian điện phân làm giàu 120 s và các điều kiện thí nghiệm khác thích hợp, phương pháp đạt được độ nhạy cao (tương ứng đối với Cu và Pb là 0,313 ± 0,004 và 0,220 ± 0,010 μA/ppb), độ lặp lại tốt của Ip : RSD = 3,2% và 1,8% (n = 8) tương ứng với Cu và Pb, giới hạn phát hiện (3) thấp (đối với Cu và Pb là 1,8 và 0,8 ppb); giữa Ip và nồng độ kim loại có tương quan tuyến tính tốt trong khoảng từ 2,5 đến 25 ppb với R ≥ 0,995. Phương pháp đã được áp dụng thành công để xác định Cu và Pb trong ba mẫu nước ở tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế

PHÂN LẬP VÀ XÁC ĐỊNH HÀM LƯỢNG EURYCOMANONE TRONG DƯỢC LIỆU CÂY MẬT NHÂN (Eurycoma longifolia J.) BẰNG SẮC KÝ LỎNG GHÉP NỐI KHỐI PHỔ (LC-MS/MS)

Using chromatography methods, we isolated the principal compound eurycomanone from Eurycoma longifolia J. Its chemical structure was determined on the basis of spectroscopic data (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and ESI-MS). This compound was purified (purity &gt;99.5%) using the Agilent 218 purification system. The compound was used as a standard for analyzing eurycomanone in six samples. The liquid chromatography-mass-spectroscopy/mass spectroscopy system was used (LC-MS/MS). The conditions are as follows: chromatography column EC-C18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.7 μm); the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (B); the gradient elution of 15–60% A at 0–5 min; the flow rate at 0.3 mL·min−1; the sample injection volume at 1 μL; the column temperature at 35 °C; solvent: Me:H2O = 70:30. The MS conditions are as follows: ESI ion source; positive ions; ionization source tempeature: 300 °C; precursor-product ion pairs for multiple-reaction monitoring were m/z 409.1 → 391.0. The results showed that Bac Giang Eurycoma longifolia J. has the highest eurycomanone content (3.1336 ± 0.0005 mg/g); meanwhile, Dack Nong Eurycoma longifolia J. has the lowest (0.1716 ± 0.0001 mg/g).Bằng các phương pháp sắc ký, chúng tôi phân lập được hợp chất eurycomanone từ cây mật nhân (E. longifolia J.).  Cấu trúc của hợp chất này được xác định bằng các phương pháp phổ 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR và ESI-MS. Hợp chất này được tinh sạch (độ tinh khiết trên 99,5%) bằng hệ thống sắc ký lỏng điều chế, và được sử dụng để làm chất chuẩn để phân tích hàm lượng eurycomanone trong các mẫu dược liệu mật nhân bằng sắc ký lỏng ghép nối khối phổ (LC-MS/MS). Chúng tôi xây dựng được chương trình sắc ký sử dụng hệ thống LC-MS/MS như sau: pha tĩnh cột sắc ký EC-C18 (100 × 2,1 mm; 2,7 μm), pha động: ACN (A) – nước chứa 0,1% HCOOH (B) trong thời gian 5 phút với tỉ lệ tăng từ 15% đến 60% A, tốc độ dòng 0,3 mL/phút, thể tích tiêm mẫu: 1 μL; nhiệt độ buồng cột: 35 °C; dung môi pha mẫu: MeOH:H2O là 70:30 (v/v). Điều kiện khối phổ bao gồm nguồn ion hóa ESI, loại ion dương, nhiệt độ nguồn ion hóa là 300 °C, chế độ chạy MRM với ion sơ cấp m/z 409,1 và ion thứ cấp là m/z 391,0. Kết quả cho thấy hàm lượng eurycomanone cao nhất khi thu hái ở Bắc Giang (3,1336 ± 0,0005 mg/g), thấp nhất ở Đắk Nông (0,1716 ± 0,0001 mg/g). Hợp chất eurycomanone là thành phần hoạt chất chính và được coi là chất đặc trưng của mật nhân nói riêng và các loài Eurycoma nói chung

Simultaneous Determination of Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) Using Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry at a Bismuth Film-Modified Electrode

The simultaneous electrochemical determination of Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) in the aqueous solution has been developed on the basis of the bismuth film glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DP-ASV). The bismuth film electrode (BiFE) was prepared by adding 500 ppb bismuth(III) directly to the sample solution and simultaneously depositing bismuth and the metal analytes on GCE. The optimal operational parameters, namely, accumulation potential (–1.6 V), accumulation time (110 s), pulsed amplitude (0.07 V), and scan rate (0.021 V·s−1), were found using a Box–Behnken design. Under the optimum conditions, a linear relationship exists between the current and the concentration of Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) in the range between 5.0 ppb and 110.0 ppb with the detection limits of 1.07 for Zn(II), 0.93 ppb for Cd(II), 0.65 ppb for Pb(II), and 0.94 ppb for Cu(II) calculated on the basis of a signal-to-noise ratio equal to 3 (S/N = 3). The interference experiments show that Co(II), Ni(II), and Fe(III) have a little influence on the DP-ASV signals of Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II). In addition, a high reproducibility was indicated from small relative standard deviations (1.03%, 1.74%, 1.32%, and 4.74%) for 25 repeated measurements of 15 ppb copper, lead, cadmium, and zinc solutions. BiFE was successfully applied to determine Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) in river samples, and the results are in a good agreement with those determined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS)