Levers and Obstacles of Effective Research and Innovation for Organic Food and Farming in Italy

The objectives of this paper are to present the dynamic of organic food and farming (OFF) research and innovation, to outline challenges in deploying programs and accessing funding, and to define key actions to foster the development of tailored quality research on organic farming in Italy. The baseline starts from the main outcomes that emerged during the World Caf\ue9 held in the frame of the Salone Internazionale del biologico e del naturale (SANA Expo) in 2018, where the Italian OFF research community met to build a convergence on scope and modus operandi in the research endeavor. These outcomes were examined in the light of the key features of the research and innovation projects funded in Italy in the last 10 years, respectively by the Italian Ministry of Agriculture and the regional administrations through the innovation support instruments in the Rural Development Plan programming periods. In the period 2009\u20132018, 70 research projects for a total funding of 21.081 million \ubf (<0.1% of the value of the sector) were launched, addressing nine dierent topic areas. Over a similar period (2007\u20132019), 53 regional innovation projects addressing organic farming were activated for a total budget of 14.299 million \ubf (<10% of the entire available funding). The implementation of interventions in the research and the innovation areas were often scattered in terms of the topics, disciplines, and types of supply chain/network addressed. The relatively high share of multi/interdisciplinary research and innovation projects aswell as the acknowledgement of the multi-actor approach as a fundamental step toward co-research and co-innovation were upshots that emerged from our analysis. The outcomes of this study can be used by competent national and the regional authorities to design their future research and innovation policies and interventions

Analisi di fitotossicità e impiego di sansa umida denocciolata in una rotazione farro-cece in regime di agricoltura biologica

Pratiche di agricoltura intensiva hanno condotto alla degradazione della risorsa suolo, vale a dire ne hanno diminuito la qualità. Più precisamente, la degradazione riguarda la riduzione della sostanza organica, della stabilità strutturale e della disponibilità di nutrienti nel suolo, con conseguente decremento della produttività. All’interno di un progetto di ricerca in corso, relativo a produzione e impiego di compost in agricoltura biologica, sono previste analisi di fitotossicità su sansa umida denocciolata (SD) poi impiegata in una rotazione farro-cece. L’obiettivo della ricerca è quello di verificare come l’incorporazione al suolo di matrici organiche (M), anche tal quali, può concorrere a mantenere o incrementare la fertilità del suolo ed a sostenere i livelli produttivi delle colture. Nelle analisi di fitotossicità su SD, effettuate con specie test Lepidium sativum L., sono state saggiate oltre alle consuete concentrazioni dell’estratto (50% e 75%), indicate nelle metodiche ufficiali, anche una diluizione maggiore pari al 25% e SD tal quale (100%) centrifugata e filtrata. In una rotazione biennale cece da granella - farro, effettuata a Foggia (campo sperimentale del CRA-SCA) nell’annata agraria 2007-2008, sono stati posti a confronto per ciascuna coltura i seguenti trattamenti: SD tal quale; fertilizzante organo-minerale (OM) ammesso in biologico; controllo non fertilizzato (C). I risultati dei saggi di fitotossicità indicano che la M in esame è risultata fitotossica essendo stato riscontrato un indice di germinazione (Ig) del 44,4%. Dall’esame degli indici calcolati per ciascuna diluizione, inoltre, si è evidenziato come al diminuire della stessa (25%>50%>75%>100%) aumenta l’inibizione all’emergenza e alla crescita radicale (Ig: 66,2%>55,2%>46,9%>9,2%), fino al valore minimo di Ig riscontrato per SD tal quale. Infine, è emerso che la tossicità si esercita a livello di percorsi metabolici diversi, con una netta prevalenza degli effetti sulla lunghezza radicale piuttosto che sul numero di semi germinati. I risultati ottenuti nella prova agronomica hanno evidenziato per il cece una maggiore produzione di granella con OM (2,5 t ha-1) rispetto al trattamento SD (2,1 t ha-1), mentre i valori rilevati per i residui sono paragonabili tra le tre tesi. Le produzioni di granella ottenute per il farro risultano confrontabili, mentre la produzione di paglia è stata maggiore con OM (3,4 e 2,9 t ha-1 rispettivamente per OM e per SD). Da questa attività di ricerca è emerso che SD è una matrice particolare relativamente agli effetti sulle colture, che dovrebbe essere stabilizzata e maturare grazie ad attività di biodegradazione (e quindi compostata in miscela con altre matrici) per poter influenzare positivamente la fertilità del suolo e la produttività delle colture

MRI analysis for Hippocampus segmentation on a distributed infrastructure

Medical image computing raises new challenges due to the scale and the complexity of the required analyses. Medical image databases are currently available to supply clinical diagnosis. For instance, it is possible to provide diagnostic information based on an imaging biomarker comparing a single case to the reference group (controls or patients with disease). At the same time many sophisticated and computationally intensive algorithms have been implemented to extract useful information from medical images. Many applications would take great advantage by using scientific workflow technology due to its design, rapid implementation and reuse. However this technology requires a distributed computing infrastructure (such as Grid or Cloud) to be executed efficiently. One of the most used workflow manager for medical image processing is the LONI pipeline (LP), a graphical workbench developed by the Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (http://pipeline.loni.usc.edu). In this article we present a general approach to submit and monitor workflows on distributed infrastructures using LONI Pipeline, including European Grid Infrastructure (EGI) and Torque-based batch farm. In this paper we implemented a complete segmentation pipeline in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It requires time-consuming and data-intensive processing and for which reducing the computing time is crucial to meet clinical practice constraints. The developed approach is based on web services and can be used for any medical imaging application

Stedina ta’ tfajjel

Ġabra ta’ poeżiji u proża li tinkludi: “Fruili” Mejju 1976 ta’ Jane Cortis – Lilek Ranċisa! ta’ Wallace Ph. Gulia – Papà ġdid ta’ Ġużè Diacono – Priżma ta’ Victor Apap – Leħen is-sewwa ta’ A. M. – Dik ix-xagħra! ta’ Emmanwel F. Attard – Bewsa ta’ Mario F. Bezzina – Stedina ta’ tfajjel ta’ Albert M. Cassola.peer-reviewe

A Gradient-Based Approach for Breast DCE-MRI Analysis

Breast cancer is the main cause of female malignancy worldwide. Effective early detection by imaging studies remains critical to decrease mortality rates, particularly in women at high risk for developing breast cancer. Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a common diagnostic tool in the management of breast diseases, especially for high-risk women. However, during this examination, both normal and abnormal breast tissues enhance after contrast material administration. Specifically, the normal breast tissue enhancement is known as background parenchymal enhancement: it may represent breast activity and depends on several factors, varying in degree and distribution in different patients as well as in the same patient over time. While a light degree of normal breast tissue enhancement generally causes no interpretative difficulties, a higher degree may cause difficulty to detect and classify breast lesions at Magnetic Resonance Imaging even for experienced radiologists. In this work, we intend to investigate the exploitation of some statistical measurements to automatically characterize the enhancement trend of the whole breast area in both normal and abnormal tissues independently from the presence of a background parenchymal enhancement thus to provide a diagnostic support tool for radiologists in the MRI analysis

Qatla

Ġabra ta’ poeżiji u proża li tinkludi: “...l-ħolm duħħan itir” ta’ Ġużè Diacono – Fiż-żiffa mejta ta’ Oliver Friggieri – Il-kappillan ta’ knisja mwarrba ta’ Anton Buttigieg – Qalb ta’ omm ta’ Godfrey Zarb Adami – “Kollox mill-aqwa u mill-aħjar” ta’ Wallace Ph. Gulia – F’jum il-mewta tal-poetessa Għawdxija Mary Meilak ta’ Dun Nikol Vella Apap – Versi ta’ Karmenu Vassallo – Dakinhar... ta’ Mario F. Bezzina – Serbut ta’ Peter A. Caruana – Paletta ġdida ta’ V. M. Pellegrini – Għaliex nemmen fl-eħieres ta’ Noel Caruana Dingli – Did-dgħajsa ta’ Oliver Friggieri – Omm u tarbija ta’ Albert M. Cassola – Il-qatla ta’ Frans Sammut.peer-reviewe

Physicians’ misperceived cardiovascular risk and therapeutic inertia as determinants of low LDL-cholesterol targets achievement in diabetes

Background: Greater efforts are needed to overcome the worldwide reported low achievement of LDL-c targets. This survey aimed to dissect whether and how the physician-based evaluation of patients with diabetes is associated with the achievement of LDL-c targets. Methods: This cross-sectional self-reported survey interviewed physicians working in 67 outpatient services in Italy, collecting records on 2844 patients with diabetes. Each physician reported a median of 47 records (IQR 42–49) and, for each of them, the physician specified its perceived cardiovascular risk, LDL-c targets, and the suggested refinement in lipid-lowering-treatment (LLT). These physician-based evaluations were then compared to recommendations from EAS/EASD guidelines. Results: Collected records were mostly from patients with type 2 diabetes (94%), at very-high (72%) or high-cardiovascular risk (27%). Physician-based assessments of cardiovascular risk and of LDL-c targets, as compared to guidelines recommendation, were misclassified in 34.7% of the records. The misperceived assessment was significantly higher among females and those on primary prevention and was associated with 67% lower odds of achieving guidelines-recommended LDL-c targets (OR 0.33, p < 0.0001). Peripheral artery disease, target organ damage and LLT-initiated by primary-care-physicians were all factors associated with therapeutic-inertia (i.e., lower than expected probability of receiving high-intensity LLT). Physician-suggested LLT refinement was inadequate in 24% of overall records and increased to 38% among subjects on primary prevention and with misclassified cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: This survey highlights the need to improve the physicians’ misperceived cardiovascular risk and therapeutic inertia in patients with diabetes to successfully implement guidelines recommendations into everyday clinical practice

Composition, potential emissions and agricultural value of pig slurry from Spanish commercial farms

[EN] Pig slurry is a valuable fertilizer for crop production but at the same time its management may pose environmental risks. Slurry samples were collected from 77 commercial farms of four animal categories (gestating and lactating sows, nursery piglets and growing pigs) and analyzed for macronutrients, micronutrients, heavy metals and volatile fatty acids. Emissions of ammonia (NH3) and biochemical methane potential (BMP) were quantified. Slurry electrical conductivity, pH, dry matter content and ash content were also determined. Data analysis included an analysis of correlations among variables, the development of predictionmodels for gaseousemissions and the analysis of nutritional content of slurries for crop production. Descriptive information is provided in this work and shows a wide range of variability in all studied variables. Animal category affected some physicochemical parameters, probably as a consequence of different slurry management and use of cleaning water. Slurries from gestating sows and growing pigs tended to be more concentrated in nutrients, whereas the slurry from lactating sows and nursery piglets tended to be more diluted. Relevant relationships were found among slurry characteristics expressed in fresh basis and gas emissions. Predictivemodels using on-farmmeasurable parameterswere obtained forNH3 (R2 = 0.51) andCH4 (R2 = 0.76), which suggests that BMP may be estimated in commercial farms from easily determined slurry characteristics. Finally, slurry nutrient composition was highly variable. Therefore, complete analyses of slurries should be performed for an effective and environmental friendly land application.This project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL2011-30023) and the Valencian Government (ACOMP/2013/118). We thank the BABEL Project, Building Academic Bonds between Europe and Latin America. Erasmus Mundus Programme Action 2 for PhD fellowships. 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High accuracy, high resolution 235U(n,f) cross section from n_TOF (CERN) from 18 meV to 10 keV

The $^{235}$U(n,f) cross section was measured in a wide energy range (18 meV–170 keV) at the n_TOF facility at CERN, relative to $^{6}$Li(n,t) and $^{10}$B(n,α) standard reactions, with high resolution and accuracy, with a setup based on a stack of six samples and six silicon detectors placed in the neutron beam. In this paper we report on the results in the region between 18 meV and 10 keV neutron energy. A resonance analysis has been performed up to 200 eV, with the code SAMMY. The resulting fission kernels are compared with the ones extracted on the basis of the resonance parameters of the most recent major evaluated data libraries. A comparison of the n_TOF data with the evaluated cross sections is also performed from thermal to 10 keV neutron energy for the energy-averaged cross section in energy groups of suitably chosen width. A good agreement, within 0.5%, is found on average between the new results and the latest evaluated data files ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JEFF-3.3, as well as with respect to the broad group average fission cross section established in the framework of the standard working group of IAEA (the so-called reference file). However, some discrepancies, of up to 4%, are still present in some specific energy regions. The new dataset here presented, characterized by a unique combination of high resolution and accuracy, low background and wide energy range, can help to improve the evaluations from the Resolved Resonance Region up to 10 keV, also reducing the uncertainties that affect this region

Restoration of soil quality using biochar and brown coal waste: A review

Soils in intensively farmed areas of the world are prone to degradation. Amendment of such soils with organic waste materials attempts to restore soil quality. Organic amendments are heterogeneous media, which are a source of soil organic matter (SOM) and maintain or restore chemical, physical, biological and ecological functionality. More specifically, an increase in SOM can influence the soil microclimate, microbial community structure, biomass turnover and mineralisation of nutrients. The search is on-going for locally sourced alternatives as many forms may be costly or geographically limiting. The present review focuses on a heterogeneous group of amendments i.e. biochar and brown coal waste (BCW). Both biochar (made from a variety of feedstocks at various temperatures) and BCW (mined extensively) are options that have worldwide applicability. These materials have very high C contents and soil stability, therefore can be used for long-term C sequestration to abate greenhouse gas emissions and as conditioners to improve soil quality. However, biochar is costly for large-scale applications and BCW may have inherently high moisture and pollutant contents. Future studies should focus on the long-term application of these amendments and determine the physicochemical properties of the soil, bioavailability of soil contaminants, diversity of soil communities and productivity of selected crops. Furthermore, the development of in situ technologies to lower production and processing costs of biochar and BCW would improve their economic feasibility for large-scale application