La démocratisation de l'enseignement en France et ses répercussions en termes de taux de rendement sur le marché du travail

URL des Cahiers : https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/CAHIERS-MSECahiers de la Maison des Sciences Economiques 2005.58 - ISSN : 1624-0340This study focus on the impact of the schooling massification on the rate of return to schooling in France during the period 1983 to 2002. Moreover, it allows us to make a statement on the advancement of econometric methods that have been developed during the past fifty years. In this way, we explain why it is essential for us to introduce implicit and explicit costs, taxes on wages or the probability of unemployment, which differs according to schoolling attainment. When we take into account these several elements, the rate of return of High School degree decreases until 1990. He is now negative around -3% contrary to the return to college who converge to 8%. The schooling democratization seems to lead to a depreciation of the High School degree. It gives birth to a new period compartmentalizing individuals who continue school in college or not in two distinct classes.Cette étude met en exergue l'impact qu'a pu avoir la massification des années 80 de l'éducation sur le taux de rendement des études en France sur la période 1983 - 2002. En outre, elle permet de refaire le point sur l'avancée des techniques économétriques qui se sont développées ces cinquante dernières années. De cette manière, nous expliquons pourquoi il nous paraît aujourd'hui essentiel de tenir compte, dans les diverses formalisations, des coûts implicites et explicites qu'occasionne le choix de faire des études et même surtout de la probabilité de chômage qui diffère selon les années d'éducation. Nous arrivons à la conclusion selon laquelle, en tenant compte de ces différents facteurs, il semble que le taux de rendement du baccalauréat a largement chuté sur la période pour être désormais négatif autour de -1% alors que ceux des années post-bac ont convergé vers 8%, le taux de la licence étant supérieur. La large accessibilité du baccalauréat s'est donc traduite par la dévalorisation du niveau et marque une nouvelle période cloisonnant les détenteurs ou non du baccalauréat en deux classes distinctes

Problem-Solving Knowledge Mining from Users’\ud Actions in an Intelligent Tutoring System

In an intelligent tutoring system (ITS), the domain expert should provide\ud relevant domain knowledge to the tutor so that it will be able to guide the\ud learner during problem solving. However, in several domains, this knowledge is\ud not predetermined and should be captured or learned from expert users as well as\ud intermediate and novice users. Our hypothesis is that, knowledge discovery (KD)\ud techniques can help to build this domain intelligence in ITS. This paper proposes\ud a framework to capture problem-solving knowledge using a promising approach\ud of data and knowledge discovery based on a combination of sequential pattern\ud mining and association rules discovery techniques. The framework has been implemented\ud and is used to discover new meta knowledge and rules in a given domain\ud which then extend domain knowledge and serve as problem space allowing\ud the intelligent tutoring system to guide learners in problem-solving situations.\ud Preliminary experiments have been conducted using the framework as an alternative\ud to a path-planning problem solver in CanadarmTutor

Professional Gamers are Today’s Professional Athletes

Recall the adversities faced by many in the entertainment industry. Freddie Mercury tried to join several bands before forming Queen. Judy Garland signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer at age thirteen after performing with her sisters throughout her childhood. Babe Ruth signed his first professional baseball contract with the minor-league Baltimore Orioles. Those same historic adversities faced by these giants of the entertainment industry are being repeated today in a closely related field—the Esports industry. Esports, a form of competitive video gaming, attracts audiences that “rival some of the world’s great sporting events.” A thorough due diligence review of the industry-norm contract must be undertaken. Esports professionals continue to fall victim to handshake deals put to paper like so many entertainers before them. Esports organizations use heavy-handed contracts to severely limit professionals from exploring other options and strip them of most of their earnings. Turner “Tfue” Tenney’s lawsuit against FaZe Clan brought to the forefront the lack of regulation in the Esports industry and the question of whether gamers should be entitled to similar protections as actors, artists, and athletes, and other entertainers. The Talent Agency Act (TAA) and the Miller-Ayala Athlete Agents Act (MAA) apply different standards to the representation of artists and athletes. By dismantling the pros from the cons of these two Acts, legislatures can craft new Esports-specific legislation to protect the creative minds of these professionals. Specifically, the proposed legislation should further define “artist” and “other entertainment enterprises” from the TAA to account for the new characters in the entertainment industry, such as professional gamers and influencers. The legislation should also define “athlete” to help guide courts in determining if professional gamers are better labeled as an athlete, artist, or a combination of the two. This is not the first time the entertainment industry has prioritized agents’ financial gains over artists’ and athletes’ freedom to contract and livelihoods, but hopefully courts, legislatures, and lawyers can use the past lessons of Freddie, Judy, Babe, and the countless others to better protect professional gamers

Femmes professionnelles latino-américaines à Montréal : Conditions d’insertion dans le milieu universitaire et au marché du travail1

La féminisation de la migration est une des caractéristiques de la mondialisation contemporaine. Elle concerne l’ensemble des sociétés, dont le Canada et le Québec. Ce phénomène touche les différents groupes ethniques, l’ensemble des classes sociales, les non-professionnels comme les professionnels. Cependant, il existe très peu d’études documentant le processus d’insertion et les conditions de vie des femmes scolarisées, possédant déjà à leur arrivée une formation universitaire. Pourtant, l’admission des premières Latino-Américaines, présentant un niveau scolaire élevé, en tant qu’immigrantes canadiennes date de 1968. Afin de combler ce vide, le présent article se propose, à partir de deux recherches ethnographiques, de présenter ces femmes, leurs conditions sociales et les défis qu’elles doivent affronter, tant durant leur réinsertion académique en milieu universitaire qu’après l’obtention de leurs diplômes, pour s’insérer sur le marché du travail. Nous nous intéresserons plus particulièrement à la société pluriethnique montréalaise dans laquelle l’ethnicisation des rapports sociaux prévaut.The feminization of migration is one of the phenomena that characterize the contemporary globalization and it is present in Canada and Quebec. This phenomenon affects all ethnic groups and social classes, professionals and nonprofessionals. However there exist few studies on the process of insertion and the living conditions of migrant women who have acquired an academic degree prior to their arrival. The lack of information about Latin-American women graduates is surprising, especially because such immigrants have been received in Canada since 1968. To fill that void, this article proposes to document, with two ethnographic studies, who these women are and what are their social conditions. We also discuss about the problems they must face during recycling in the academic world, and the problems they have to fit on the work market in the pluriethnic society of Montreal after obtaining their degree

L’impact des violences structurelle et conjugale en contexte migratoire : Perceptions d’intervenants pour le contrer

Le Canada et le Québec, sociétés pluriethniques, possèdent des politiques et des programmes de promotion et de prévention pour contrer les violences faites aux femmes, mais reconnaissent que le défi est de taille dans le contexte migratoire. Les immigrantes, confrontées à la violence conjugale, ne disposent souvent pas d’accessibilité culturelle aux services sociaux et de santé ou n’obtiennent pas de réponse adéquate à leurs besoins. Toutefois, certains organismes ont des projets pour leur venir en aide mais ils ne sont pas systématiques. L’article présente les résultats d’une recherche exploratoire, avec approche ethnologique, qui documente la perception de 10 intervenants d’organismes communautaires et institutionnels concernant leurs activités dans le domaine et leur préoccupation pour la promotion et la prévention primaire, même si leurs pratiques concrètes sont surtout centrées sur la prévention secondaire. Maints empêchements les limitent, mais leurs perceptions des réponses promotionnelles et préventives mettent en lumière l’impact de la violence structurelle et de la violence conjugale et orientent les perspectives de renouvellement des pratiques d’intervention sociosanitaire en matière de violence conjugale.In Canada and in Quebec, multiethnic societies, there are many prevention and promotion policies and programs dealing with violence against women. However, one realises the challenges posed by a migratory context. Immigrant women, confronted with conjugal violence, often do not have access to culturally specific health or social services which adequately meet their needs. Culturally-specific help projects, while available in some organizations, are unfortunately not systematic. Using an ethnological approach, this article presents the results of an exploratory research showing the perception of their activities by ten community and institutional organization professional staff. While these activities are mainly in the area of secondary prevention, the professionals are preoccupied with promotion and primary prevention. Their reflections reveal the impact of conjugal violence and structural violence and orient the possibilities of transforming health and social services practices in the field of conjugal violence

La démocratisation de l'enseignement en France et ses répercussions en termes de taux de rendement sur le marché du travail

Cette étude met en exergue l'impact qu'a pu avoir la massification des années 80 de l'éducation sur le taux de rendement des études en France sur la période 1983 - 2002. En outre, elle permet de refaire le point sur l'avancée des techniques économétriques qui se sont développées ces cinquante dernières années. De cette manière, nous expliquons pourquoi il nous paraît aujourd'hui essentiel de tenir compte, dans les diverses formalisations, des coûts implicites et explicites qu'occasionne le choix de faire des études et même surtout de la probabilité de chômage qui diffère selon les années d'éducation. Nous arrivons à la conclusion selon laquelle, en tenant compte de ces différents facteurs, il semble que le taux de rendement du baccalauréat a largement chuté sur la période pour être désormais négatif autour de -1% alors que ceux des années post-bac ont convergé vers 8%, le taux de la licence étant supérieur. La large accessibilité du baccalauréat s'est donc traduite par la dévalorisation du niveau et marque une nouvelle période cloisonnant les détenteurs ou non du baccalauréat en deux classes distinctes.Démocratisation de l'enseignement, massification, rendement de l'éducation, taux interne de rendement, capital humain.

Efficient chain structure for high-utility sequential pattern mining

High-utility sequential pattern mining (HUSPM) is an emerging topic in data mining, which considers both utility and sequence factors to derive the set of high-utility sequential patterns (HUSPs) from the quantitative databases. Several works have been presented to reduce the computational cost by variants of pruning strategies. In this paper, we present an efficient sequence-utility (SU)-chain structure, which can be used to store more relevant information to improve mining performance. Based on the SU-Chain structure, the existing pruning strategies can also be utilized here to early prune the unpromising candidates and obtain the satisfied HUSPs. Experiments are then compared with the state-of-the-art HUSPM algorithms and the results showed that the SU-Chain-based model can efficiently improve the efficiency performance than the existing HUSPM algorithms in terms of runtime and number of the determined candidates

FRIOD: a deeply integrated feature-rich interactive system for effective and efficient outlier detection

In this paper, we propose an novel interactive outlier detection system called feature-rich interactive outlier detection (FRIOD), which features a deep integration of human interaction to improve detection performance and greatly streamline the detection process. A user-friendly interactive mechanism is developed to allow easy and intuitive user interaction in all the major stages of the underlying outlier detection algorithm which includes dense cell selection, location-aware distance thresholding, and final top outlier validation. By doing so, we can mitigate the major difficulty of the competitive outlier detection methods in specifying the key parameter values, such as the density and distance thresholds. An innovative optimization approach is also proposed to optimize the grid-based space partitioning, which is a critical step of FRIOD. Such optimization fully considers the high-quality outliers it detects with the aid of human interaction. The experimental evaluation demonstrates that FRIOD can improve the quality of the detected outliers and make the detection process more intuitive, effective, and efficient

Design optimization of storage facilities taking into account the domino effect

Storing hazardous substances is a process that entrails high risk, and in which many resources are spent in the planning of safety measures; however, safety could be included at the initial stages of the design of this type of installations, by optimizing the number of tanks that are used to store the substance. The effects and consequences of major accidents are directly proportional to the mass of materials involved in them; therefore, if the mass was divided in more containing units, the consequences at the moment of an accident occurrence would be lesser. However, as more units are used to store a dangerous substance in an installation, the risk of domino effect occurrence at the moment of an accident also increases. The objective of this paper is to develop a methodology that allows finding the optimum number of units that have to be used to store dangerous materials, taking the possibility of domino effect occurrence into account. The proposed methodology is described and applied to a case study as a decision making tool, obtaining results that demonstrate that the design of storage installations can be improved from a risk point of view, by combining quantitative risk analysis and optimization techniques.Postprint (published version