VARIASI JENIS DAN KULTIVAR KELENGKENG (Nephellium longan L.) UNGGULAN DI KECAMATAN PONCOKUSUMO KABUPATEN MALANG

Salah satu komoditas hortikultura yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi yang cukup tinggi dan cukup banyak jenisnya di Indonesia ialah kelengkeng (Nephellium longan L.). Kabupaten Malang adalah salah satu wilayah di Jawa Timur yang berpeluang untuk mengembangkan varietas unggul kelengkeng (Nephellium longan L.) yang belum banyak dikenal masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi jenis dan kultivar kelengkeng (Nephellium longan L.) yang terdapat di Kecamatan Poncokusumo Kabupaten Malang. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan April - Juni 2012.  Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode survei.  Kegiatan pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mengamati fenomena alam, wawancara dengan petani responden dan dari beberapa instansi terkait. Peubah yang diamati terdiri dari faktor produksi (meliputi model perbanyakan, penanaman, pemupukan, pemangkasan dan penjarangan bunga) dan produktifitas budidaya (hasil panen/pohon/tahun) seluruh peubah tersebut ditanyakan dalam kuisioner.  Jawaban kuisioner diukur dengan menggunakan skala likert.  Data yang telah diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif.  Data yang dikumpulkan dalam bentuk tabel kemudian dideskripsikan dalam angka dan persentase. Kata kunci : Tanaman Kelengkeng, Variasi Jenis, kultivar, Survei, Kuisioner, Deskripsi

Effect of biomass fuel combustion on increasing the risk of chronic Bronchitis in women, Shahrekord, 2001

به نظر می رسد که میزان برونشیت در زنان این استان زیاد باشد که احتمالا ناشی از استنشاق هوای آلوده ناشی از سوخت های آلی و چوب است. لذا در یک مطالعه مورد-شاهدی در زنان بالای 40 سال به بررسی احتمال دخالت سوخت مواد آلی و سیگار در ایجاد برونشیت مزمن پرداخته شد. از مراجعه کنندگان به درمانگاه ریه یکصد نفر مبتلا به برونشیت مزمن به عنوان مورد و از بین بیماران بستری 100 نفر به عنوان گروه کنترل انتخاب شدند. افراد این دو گروه به سوالات پرسشنامه در مورد سابقه پخت نان در منزل، نوع سوخت مصرفی برای گرمایش منزل، سوخت آشپزخانه و سوخت تنور پاسخ دادند. عوامل زیر با ایجاد برونشیت مزمن در زنان شهرکرد رابطه آماری معنی داری داشت. سیگار (P=0.009)، قلیان (P=0.014)، پخت نان با تنور در منزل (P=0.002)، وجود بخاری چوب سوز (P=0.009)، مصرف چوب برای آشپزی (P=0.000)، مصرف نفت برای آشپزی (P=0.000) و مصرف چوب برای تنور نان پزی (P=0.000). سوخت چوب برای آشپزی، پخت نان و گرم کردن منزل علل مهم ایجاد برونشیت مزمن در زنان منطقه چهارمحال و بختیاری می باشد و جایگزینی چوب و نفت با سوخت های بهداشتی تر (مثل گاز) باعث کاهش بیماری برونشیت مزمن خواهد شد

Recoil velocities from equal-mass binary black-hole mergers: a systematic investigation of spin-orbit aligned configurations

Binary black-hole systems with spins aligned with the orbital angular momentum are of special interest, as studies indicate that this configuration is preferred in nature. If the spins of the two bodies differ, there can be a prominent beaming of the gravitational radiation during the late plunge, causing a recoil of the final merged black hole. We perform an accurate and systematic study of recoil velocities from a sequence of equal-mass black holes whose spins are aligned with the orbital angular momentum, and whose individual spins range from a = +0.584 to -0.584. In this way we extend and refine the results of a previous study and arrive at a consistent maximum recoil of 448 +- 5 km/s for anti-aligned models as well as to a phenomenological expression for the recoil velocity as a function of spin ratio. This relation highlights a nonlinear behavior, not predicted by the PN estimates, and can be readily employed in astrophysical studies on the evolution of binary black holes in massive galaxies. An essential result of our analysis is the identification of different stages in the waveform, including a transient due to lack of an initial linear momentum in the initial data. Furthermore we are able to identify a pair of terms which are largely responsible for the kick, indicating that an accurate computation can be obtained from modes up to l=3. Finally, we provide accurate measures of the radiated energy and angular momentum, finding these to increase linearly with the spin ratio, and derive simple expressions for the final spin and the radiated angular momentum which can be easily implemented in N-body simulations of compact stellar systems. Our code is calibrated with strict convergence tests and we verify the correctness of our measurements by using multiple independent methods whenever possible.Comment: 24 pages, 15 figures, 5 table

Prevalence and distribution of adhesins and the expression of fibronectin-binding protein (FnbA and FnbB) among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Shahrekord Hospitals

OBJECTIVE: One of the most important causes of nosocomial infections is Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of these genes and the rate of expression of these genes during nasal colonization among the personnel of Kashani and Hajar hospitals. RESULTS: In this Analytical-descriptive study, 240 nasal swab specimens were collected from personnel of different departments of Kashani and Hajar hospitals in Shahr-e-kord. Nasal specimens were cultured and 110 Staphylococcus strains were isolated. Based on the results, 110 carriers of Staphylococcus aureus were identified. The frequency of clfA, clfB, fnbA and fnbB genes were 36.3%, 86.3%, 7.2% and 43.6% respectively. It was also observed that the fnbA gene showed no expression, but of 95 clfB-positive samples, 73 isolates (76.8%) were expressed clfB gene. This study showed that the abundance of these genes varies in nasal colonization. It was also observed that clfB gene with a high frequency and high expression rate has an important role in nose colonization. These results not only provide insight into the factors involved in S. aureus colonization but also provide potential therapeutic target

HIV-1 integrase polymorphisms are associated with prior antiretroviral drug exposure

In a recent summary of integrase sequences, primary integrase inhibitor mutations were rare. In a review of integrase inhibitor-naïve Australian HIV-1 sequences, primary mutations were not identified, although the accessory mutation G140S was detected. A link with previous antiretroviral therapy, intra-subtype B divergence across the integrase gene and transmission of integrase polymorphisms were also noted. Based on these findings, we would recommend ongoing surveillance of integrase mutations, and integrase region sequencing for patients prior to commencement of integrase inhibitors

TS-AMIR: a topology string alignment method for intensive rapid protein structure comparison

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In structural biology, similarity analysis of protein structure is a crucial step in studying the relationship between proteins. Despite the considerable number of techniques that have been explored within the past two decades, the development of new alternative methods is still an active research area due to the need for high performance tools.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this paper, we present TS-AMIR, a Topology String Alignment Method for Intensive Rapid comparison of protein structures. The proposed method works in two stages: In the first stage, the method generates a topology string based on the geometric details of secondary structure elements, and then, utilizes an n-gram modelling technique over entropy concept to capture similarities in these strings. This initial correspondence map between secondary structure elements is submitted to the second stage in order to obtain the alignment at the residue level. Applying the Kabsch method, a heuristic step-by-step algorithm is adopted in the second stage to align the residues, resulting in an optimal rotation matrix and minimized RMSD. The performance of the method was assessed in different information retrieval tests and the results were compared with those of CE and TM-align, representing two geometrical tools, and YAKUSA, 3D-BLAST and SARST as three representatives of linear encoding schemes. It is shown that the method obtains a high running speed similar to that of the linear encoding schemes. In addition, the method runs about 800 and 7200 times faster than TM-align and CE respectively, while maintaining a competitive accuracy with TM-align and CE.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The experimental results demonstrate that linear encoding techniques are capable of reaching the same high degree of accuracy as that achieved by geometrical methods, while generally running hundreds of times faster than conventional programs.</p

The combination of colistin and doripenem is synergistic against Klebsiella pneumoniae at multiple inocula and suppresses colistin resistance in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model

There has been a resurgence of interest in aerosolization of antibiotics for treatment of patients with severe pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. A combination formulation of amikacin-fosfomycin is currently undergoing clinical testing although the exposure-response relationships of these drugs have not been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to describe the individual and combined antibacterial effects of simulated epithelial lining fluid exposures of aerosolized amikacin and fosfomycin against resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MICs of 16 mg/liter and 64 mg/liter) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MICs of 2 mg/liter and 64 mg/liter) using a dynamic hollow-fiber infection model over 7 days. Targeted peak concentrations of 300 mg/liter amikacin and/or 1,200 mg/liter fosfomycin as a 12-hourly dosing regimens were used. Quantitative cultures were performed to describe changes in concentrations of the total and resistant bacterial populations. The targeted starting inoculum was 10(8) CFU/ml for both strains. We observed that neither amikacin nor fosfomycin monotherapy was bactericidal against P. aeruginosa while both were associated with rapid amplification of resistant P. aeruginosa strains (about 10(8) to 10(9) CFU/ml within 24 to 48 h). For K. pneumoniae, amikacin but not fosfomycin was bactericidal. When both drugs were combined, a rapid killing was observed for P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae (6-log kill within 24 h). Furthermore, the combination of amikacin and fosfomycin effectively suppressed growth of resistant strains of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae In conclusion, the combination of amikacin and fosfomycin was effective at maximizing bacterial killing and suppressing emergence of resistance against these clinical isolates

LAL Regulators SCO0877 and SCO7173 as Pleiotropic Modulators of Phosphate Starvation Response and Actinorhodin Biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor

LAL regulators (Large ATP-binding regulators of the LuxR family) constitute a poorly studied family of transcriptional regulators. Several regulators of this class have been identified in antibiotic and other secondary metabolite gene clusters from actinomycetes, thus they have been considered pathway-specific regulators. In this study we have obtained two disruption mutants of LAL genes from S. coelicolor (Δ0877 and Δ7173). Both mutants were deficient in the production of the polyketide antibiotic actinorhodin, and antibiotic production was restored upon gene complementation of the mutants. The use of whole-genome DNA microarrays and quantitative PCRs enabled the analysis of the transcriptome of both mutants in comparison with the wild type. Our results indicate that the LAL regulators under study act globally affecting various cellular processes, and amongst them the phosphate starvation response and the biosynthesis of the blue-pigmented antibiotic actinorhodin. Both regulators act as negative modulators of the expression of the two-component phoRP system and as positive regulators of actinorhodin biosynthesis. To our knowledge this is the first characterization of LAL regulators with wide implications in Streptomyces metabolism

An efficient method to generate test cases from uml-use case diagram

Regression testing is a process to execute a set of test cases to confirm that the performance of the software is not changed after a modification. A test case is a group of conditions and methods to verify the functionality of the software. A better test case can improve the performance of overall testing process. The manual process of generating test cases will take more time and affect the cost of testing. The available automated tools are simply executing test cases at random or depend on the user commands. The aim of the study is to generate test cases from use case diagram using a machine learning method. A metaheuristic technique is used for the automation of the process of generating test cases. The accuracy and computation time are the metrics used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The output of the research has shown that the performance of the proposed technique is better than existing techniques