False Data Injection Attack Detection based on Hilbert-Huang Transform in AC Smart Islands

In Smart Island (SI) systems, operators of power distribution system usually utilize actual-time measurement information as the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) to have an accurate, efficient, advanced control and monitor of whole their system. SI system can be vulnerable to complicated information integrity attacks such as False Data Injection Attack (FDIA) on some equipment including sensors and controllers, which can generate misleading operational decision in the system. Hence, lack of detailed research in the evaluation of power system that links the FDIAs with system stability is felt, and it will be important for both assessment of the effect of cyber-attack and taking preventive protection measures. In this regards, time-frequency-based differential approach is proposed for SI cyber-attack detection according to non-stationary signal assessment. In this paper, non-stationary signal processing approach of Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) is performed for the FDIA detection in several case studies. Since various critical case studies with a small FDIA in data where accurate and efficient detection can be a challenge, the simulation results confirm the efficiency of HHT approach and the proposed detection frame is compared with shallow model. In this research, the configuration of the SI test case is developed in the MATLAB software with several Distributed Generations (DGs). As a result, it is found that the HHT approach is completely efficient and reliable for FDIA detection target in AC-SI. The simulation results verify that the proposed model is able to achieve accuracy rate of 93.17% and can detect FDIAs less than 50 ms from cyber-attack starting in different kind of scenarios

Effects of low-dose contraceptive pills on the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases among 15-35-year-old women: A retrospective cohort

Background: Cardiovascular diseases could be preventable; as a result, understanding the risk factors was regarded as the major priority for healthcare providers. Objective: The main objective of this research was to achieve a deeper insight into the effect of long-term use of low-dose oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Materials and Methods: This research was a retrospective cohort conducted (historical and prospectively) conducted on 100 women with normal menstrual cycles aged 15 to 35 yr, who were referred to the healthcare centers in Yazd, Iran. The participants were categorized into two groups: The OCP group was consuming the pills for 3, 4-23, and 24-36 months, and the non-OCP group. Participants were followed up for a minimum of 3 months and a maximum of six months. Results: The highest level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), homocysteine, cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and systolic blood pressure was observed in the OCP group in the duration of 24 to 36 months. The Tukey’s test demonstrated that there were comprehensible differences in the LDL (p = 0.01), cholesterol (p = 0.01), triglyceride (p < 0.001), and homocysteine levels (p < 0.001), also systolic blood pressure (p = 0.04). Conclusion: It was realized that the long-term consumption of low-dose OCP can augment the incidence of some risk factors (systolic blood pressure, homocysteine levels, cholesterol, LDL-c, and triglyceride) and lead to developing cardiovascular diseases amongst the healthy women. Key words: Birth control pills, Homocysteine, Nitric oxide, Dyslipidemias, Coronary artery diseases

Control of LPV Modeled AC-Microgrid Based on Mixed H2/H∞ Time-Varying Linear State Feedback and Robust Predictive Algorithm

This paper presents a robust model predictive control (RMPC) method with a new mixed H2/H∞ linear time-varying state feedback design. In addition, we propose a linear parameter-varying model for inverters in a microgrid (MG), in which disturbances and uncertainty are considered, where the inverters connect in parallel to renewable energy sources (RES). The proposed RMPC can use the gain-scheduled control law and satisfy both the H2 and H∞ proficiency requirements under various conditions, such as disturbance and load variation. A multistep control method is proposed to reduce the conservativeness caused by the unique feedback control law, enhance the control proficiency, and strengthen the RMPC feasible area. Furthermore, a practical and efficient RMPC is designed to reduce the online computational burden. The presented controller can implement load sharing among distributed generators (DGs) to stabilize the frequency and voltage of an entire smart island. The proposed strategy is implemented and studied in a MG with two DG types and various load types. Specifically, through converters, one type of DGs is used to control frequency and voltage, and the other type is used to control current. These two types of DGs operate in a parallel mode. Simulation results show that the proposed RMPCs are input-to-state practically stable (ISpS). Compared with other controllers in the literature, the proposed strategy can lead to minor total harmonic distortion (THD), lower steady-state error, and faster response to system disturbance and load variation

Reinforcing Data Integrity in Renewable Hybrid AC-DC Microgrids from Social-Economic Perspectives

The microgrid (MG) is a complicated cyber-physical system that operates based on interactions between physical processes and computational components, which make it vulnerable to varied cyber-attacks. In this paper, the impact of data integrity attack (DIA) has been considered, as one of the most dangerous cyber threats to MGs, on the steady-state operation of hybrid MGs (HMGs). Additionally, a novel method based on sequential hypothesis testing (SHT) approach, is proposed to detect DIA on the renewable energy sources’ metering infrastructure and improve the data security within the HMGs. The proposed method generates a binary sample, which is used to compute a test statistic that is further used against two thresholds to decide among three alternatives. The performance of the suggested method is examined using an IEEE standard test system. The results illustrated the acceptable performance of the proposed methodology in detection of DIAs. Also, to evaluate the effect of DIA on the operation of the HMGs, DIAs with different severities are launched on the measured power generation of renewable energy resources (RESs) like wind turbine (WT). The results of this part showed that a successful DIA on renewable units can severely affect the operation of electric grids and cause serious damages.© 2022 Copyright held by the owner/author(s), published by Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive Version of Record was published in ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3512891. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

STATCOM Control based on Indirect Adaptive Sliding Mode Controller for Compensation of Reactive Power

In this paper, an indirect adaptive sliding mode controller has been designed to control distribution static compensator to improve power quality in a three-phase distribution network. Steady-state error flow control compensator is reduced using the proposed controller. The proposed control strategy is more resistant compared to disturbances in the transient and steady state. The controller is used in frame of Βα rotating reference. Using an observer for estimating parameters, the controller performance has been improved. The accuracy of controller performance has been proven in the software package of MATLAB

Reduction of Ripple Toothed Torque in the Internal Permanent Magnet Electric Motor by Creating Optimal Combination of Holes in the Rotor Surface Considering Harmonic Effects

Due to the widespread use of electric motors in various industries, it is very important to have optimally designed motors in that they have high efficiency and lower negative effects on the quality of the power grid. Therefore, in this paper, the effects of winding type (wide and concentrated) on ripple torque in internal permanent magnet motor (IPMM) are investigated. In order to reduce the ripple torque and to increase the average torque, by making optimal holes in the rotor surface and using the sensitivity analysis method, the structure of the IPMM is improved. In this method, the number, dimensions and location of holes are optimized using the sensitivity analysis approach, which reduces the ripple torque of the motor. Using a concentrated winding instead of a wide winding, the toothed ripple torque is reduced by approximately 75% while maintaining the average torque value. Also, by making holes in the rotor surface and optimizing them using the finite element technique and sensitivity analysis, it is demonstrated that the amount of ripple torque by 20%. In the proposed approach, it is proved that in the concentrated winding, in addition to reducing the spatial harmonics, the average amount of torque can also be improved. Obtained results of the simulation confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method

Cyber-Attack Detection and Cyber-Security Enhancement in Smart DC-Microgrid Based on Blockchain Technology and Hilbert Huang Transform

Due to the simultaneous development of DC-microgrids (DC-MGs) and the use of intelligent control, monitoring and operation methods, as well as their structure, these networks can be threatened by various cyber-attacks. Overall, a typical smart DC-MG includes battery, supercapacitors and power electronic devices, fuel cell, solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems, and loads such as smart homes, plug-in hybrid electrical vehicle (PHEV), smart sensors and network communication like fiber cable or wireless to send and receive data. Given these issues, cyber-attack detection and securing data exchanged in smart DC-MGs like CPS has been considered by experts as a significant subject in recent years. In this study, in order to detect false data injection attacks (FDIAs) in a MG system, Hilbert-Huang transform methodology along with blockchain-based ledger technology is used for enhancing the security in the smart DC-MGs with analyzing the voltage and current signals in smart sensors and controllers by extracting the signal details. Results of simulation on the different cases are considered with the objective of verifying the efficacy of the proposed model. The results offer that the suggested model can provide a more precise and robust detection mechanism against FDIA and improve the security of data exchanging in a smart DC-MG

Socioeconomic inequalities in prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension: evidence from the PERSIAN cohort study

Background Elevated blood pressure is associated with cardiovascular disease, stroke and chronic kidney disease. In this study, we examined the socioeconomic inequality and its related factors in prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control (ATC) of hypertension (HTN) in Iran. Method The study used data from the recruitment phase of The Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN (PERSIAN). A sample of 162,842 adults aged > = 35 years was analyzed. HTN was defined according to the Joint National Committee)JNC-7(. socioeconomic inequality was measured using concentration index (Cn) and curve. Results The mean age of participants was 49.38(SD = +/- 9.14) years and 44.74% of the them were men. The prevalence of HTN in the total population was 22.3%(95% CI: 20.6%; 24.1%), and 18.8%(95% CI: 16.8%; 20.9%) and 25.2%(95% CI: 24.2%; 27.7%) in men and women, respectively. The percentage of awareness treatment and control among individuals with HTN were 77.5%(95% CI: 73.3%; 81.8%), 82.2%(95% CI: 70.2%; 81.6%) and 75.9%(95% CI: 70.2%; 81.6%), respectively. The Cn for prevalence of HTN was -0.084. Two factors, age (58.46%) and wealth (32.40%), contributed most to the socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of HTN. Conclusion The prevalence of HTN was higher among low-SES individuals, who also showed higher levels of awareness. However, treatment and control of HTN were more concentrated among those who had higher levels of SES, indicating that people at a higher risk of adverse event related to HTN (the low SES individuals) are not benefiting from the advantage of treatment and control of HTN. Such a gap between diagnosis (prevalence) and control (treatment and control) of HTN needs to be addressed by public health policymakers

An Investigation of the Correlation among Sources of Stress, Perceived Stress, and Coping styles in High School Students

Background and Objectives: Coping with stress is an important issue, especially in regard to source of stress and perceived stress in adolescence period. In this research, the correlation among stress sources, perceived stress, and coping styles was investigated in high school students. Methods: The present research was a descriptive correlational study. The research sample consisted of 575 high school students from the families of personnel of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences in education year 2014-15 who were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Stress source scale, perceived stress scale and Tehran coping styles scale, were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using statistical methods, including Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis. Results: In this study, 50% of students had perceived stress higher than cut-off point. Stress sources of students were related to school and maturity. There was a positive correlation between problem-oriented coping style and perceived stress, and there was a negative and inverse correlation between problem-oriented coping style and stress related to school and maturity. There was a positive correlation between positive emotion-oriented coping style and perceived stress, but there was a negative and inverse correlation between problem-oriented coping style and stress related to school and maturity. There was no significant correlation between emotion-oriented coping style and stress related to school, maturity, family, and peers. There was a positive correlation between negative emotion-oriented coping style and stress related to school, maturity, and peers. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the level of correlation was not significant and no significant relationship could be found between the variables with this level of correlation. Therefore, it is suggested that more extensive researches be conducted on the relationship between these variables