Ran GTPase promotes oocyte polarization by regulating ERM (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin) inactivation.

International audienceAsymmetric meiotic divisions in mammalian oocytes are driven by the eccentric positioning of the spindle, along with a dramatic reorganization of the overlying cortex, including a loss of microvilli and formation of a thick actin cap. Actin polarization relies on a Ran-GTP gradient centered on metaphase chromosomes; however, the downstream signaling cascade is not completely understood. In a recent study, we have shown that Ran promotes actin cap formation via the polarized activation of Cdc42. The related GTPase Rac is also activated in a polarized fashion in the oocyte cortex and co-localizes with active Cdc42. In other cells, microvilli collapse can be triggered by inactivation of the ERM (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin) family of actin-membrane crosslinkers under the control of Rac. Accordingly, we show here that Ran-GTP promotes a substantial loss of phosphorylated ERMs in the cortex overlying the spindle in mouse oocytes. However, this polarized phospho-ERM exclusion zone was unaffected by Rac or Cdc42 inhibition. Therefore, we suggest that Ran activates two distinct pathways to regulate actin cap formation and microvilli disassembly in the polarized cortex of mouse oocytes. The possibility of a crosstalk between Rho GTPase and ERM signaling and a role for ERM inactivation in promoting cortical actin dynamics are also discussed

Étude de la polarisation et de la division asymétrique de l’ovocyte de souris

Oocyte meiosis is accomplished through two successive rounds of cellular divisions, without DNA replication, allowing for gamete haploidization necessary for parental genome fusion after fertilization. These divisions are highly asymmetric and allow extra-DNA expulsion, in small polar bodies, while retaining most of the cytoplasmic resources needed for early embryo development. Studies in mouse oocyte have demonstrated the capabilities of the gamete to autonomously break his symmetry by positioning the spindle near the cortex. By doing so, the spindle is able to induce a cortical polarization that is dependent on a Ran-GTP gradient emanating from the chromosomes. This polarization will be necessary for delimiting extrusion sites of the future polar bodies. A polarized accumulation of Arp2/3 actin filaments is one of the most evident features of oocyte polarization. We have shown that polarization of Cdc42-GTP, trough N-WASP activation, is an essential intermediate between Ran-GTP and the polarized polymerization of actin filaments. We also investigated ERM (Ezrin Radixin Moesin) proteins localization that are known to promote microvilli assembly. According to our data, microvilli and ERM are excluded from the polarized cortex in a Ran-GTP dependent manner. Finally, we studied cortical acto-myosin dynamics during the second meiotic division which requires spindle rotation. We demonstrated the existence of two cortical myosin 2 sub-populations which depend either on chromosomes (Ran-GTP/Cdc42-GTP) or on the central spindle (Ect2/RhoA).La méiose ovocytaire comprend une succession de deux divisions cellulaires, sans phase intermédiaire de réplication de l'ADN, permettant l'haploïdisation du gamète femelle en vue de la fusion des génomes parentaux lors de la fécondation. Le caractère fortement asymétrique de ces divisions permet l'expulsion du matériel génétique surnuméraire, dans de petits globules polaires, tout en conservant l'essentiel des ressources cytoplasmiques qui seront nécessaires au développement précoce de l'embryon. De nombreuses études réalisées sur l'ovocyte de souris ont mis en évidence les capacités intrinsèques du gamète à rompre sa symétrie en positionnant son fuseau de manière excentrée à proximité du cortex. En se positionnant de la sorte le fuseau induit, via un gradient de Ran-GTP porté par les chromosomes, une polarisation du cortex ovocytaire qui permettra de restreindre le site d'émission des futurs globules polaires. Cette polarisation se caractérise notamment par une forte accumulation de filaments d'actines dépendante du facteur de nucléation Arp2/3. Nos travaux nous ont permis de mettre en évidence le rôle de Cdc42-GTP, via l'activation de N-WASP, comme intermédiaire entre le gradient de Ran-GTP et la polymérisation polarisée des filaments d'actine. Nous nous sommes également intéressés à la localisation des protéines ERM (Ezrin Radixin Moesin), connues pour favoriser la formation des microvillosités membranaires. Dans l'ovocyte, les microvillosités et les ERM sont toutes deux exclues du cortex polarisé et nous avons pu démontrer le rôle de Ran-GTP dans ce processus. Enfin, nous avons étudié la localisation du réseau d'acto-myosine cortical lors de la deuxième division méiotique qui nécessite la rotation du fuseau de l'ovocyte de souris. Nos résultats révèlent l'existence de deux sous-populations de myosine 2 corticale, l'une dépendante de la chromatine (Ran-GTP/Cdc42-GTP) et l'autre dépendante du fuseau central (Ect2/RhoA)

Meisosomes, folded membrane microdomains between the apical extracellular matrix and epidermis

Apical extracellular matrices (aECMs) form a physical barrier to the environment. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the epidermal aECM, the cuticle, is composed mainly of different types of collagen, associated in circumferential ridges separated by furrows. Here, we show that in mutants lacking furrows, the normal intimate connection between the epidermis and the cuticle is lost, specifically at the lateral epidermis, where, in contrast to the dorsal and ventral epidermis, there are no hemidesmosomes. At the ultrastructural level, there is a profound alteration of structures that we term 'meisosomes,' in reference to eisosomes in yeast. We show that meisosomes are composed of stacked parallel folds of the epidermal plasma membrane, alternately filled with cuticle. We propose that just as hemidesmosomes connect the dorsal and ventral epidermis, above the muscles, to the cuticle, meisosomes connect the lateral epidermis to it. Moreover, furrow mutants present marked modifications of the biomechanical properties of their skin and exhibit a constitutive damage response in the epidermis. As meisosomes co-localise to macrodomains enriched in phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate, they could conceivably act, like eisosomes, as signalling platforms, to relay tensile information from the aECM to the underlying epidermis, as part of an integrated stress response to damage

F-Actin nucleated on chromosomes coordinates their capture by microtubules in oocyte meiosis.

Capture of each and every chromosome by spindle microtubules is essential to prevent chromosome loss and aneuploidy. In somatic cells, astral microtubules search and capture chromosomes forming lateral attachments to kinetochores. However, this mechanism alone is insufficient in large oocytes. We have previously shown that a contractile F-actin network is additionally required to collect chromosomes scattered in the 70-µm starfish oocyte nucleus. How this F-actin-driven mechanism is coordinated with microtubule capture remained unknown. Here, we show that after nuclear envelope breakdown Arp2/3-nucleated F-actin "patches" form around chromosomes in a Ran-GTP-dependent manner, and we propose that these structures sterically block kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Once F-actin-driven chromosome transport is complete, coordinated disassembly of F-actin patches allows synchronous capture by microtubules. Our observations indicate that this coordination is necessary because early capture of chromosomes by microtubules would interfere with F-actin-driven transport leading to chromosome loss and formation of aneuploid eggs

Coupling changes in cell shape to chromosome segregation

Animal cells undergo dramatic changes in shape, mechanics and polarity as they progress through the different stages of cell division. These changes begin at mitotic entry, with cell–substrate adhesion remodelling, assembly of a cortical actomyosin network and osmotic swelling, which together enable cells to adopt a near spherical form even when growing in a crowded tissue environment. These shape changes, which probably aid spindle assembly and positioning, are then reversed at mitotic exit to restore the interphase cell morphology. Here, we discuss the dynamics, regulation and function of these processes, and how cell shape changes and sister chromatid segregation are coupled to ensure that the daughter cells generated through division receive their fair inheritance

Polarization and asymmetric division in mouse oocyte

La méiose ovocytaire comprend une succession de deux divisions cellulaires, sans phase intermédiaire de réplication de l'ADN, permettant l'haploïdisation du gamète femelle en vue de la fusion des génomes parentaux lors de la fécondation. Le caractère fortement asymétrique de ces divisions permet l'expulsion du matériel génétique surnuméraire, dans de petits globules polaires, tout en conservant l'essentiel des ressources cytoplasmiques qui seront nécessaires au développement précoce de l'embryon. De nombreuses études réalisées sur l'ovocyte de souris ont mis en évidence les capacités intrinsèques du gamète à rompre sa symétrie en positionnant son fuseau de manière excentrée à proximité du cortex. En se positionnant de la sorte le fuseau induit, via un gradient de Ran-GTP porté par les chromosomes, une polarisation du cortex ovocytaire qui permettra de restreindre le site d'émission des futurs globules polaires. Cette polarisation se caractérise notamment par une forte accumulation de filaments d'actines dépendante du facteur de nucléation Arp2/3. Nos travaux nous ont permis de mettre en évidence le rôle de Cdc42-GTP, via l'activation de N-WASP, comme intermédiaire entre le gradient de Ran-GTP et la polymérisation polarisée des filaments d'actine. Nous nous sommes également intéressés à la localisation des protéines ERM (Ezrin Radixin Moesin), connues pour favoriser la formation des microvillosités membranaires. Dans l'ovocyte, les microvillosités et les ERM sont toutes deux exclues du cortex polarisé et nous avons pu démontrer le rôle de Ran-GTP dans ce processus. Enfin, nous avons étudié la localisation du réseau d'acto-myosine cortical lors de la deuxième division méiotique qui nécessite la rotation du fuseau de l'ovocyte de souris. Nos résultats révèlent l'existence de deux sous-populations de myosine 2 corticale, l'une dépendante de la chromatine (Ran-GTP/Cdc42-GTP) et l'autre dépendante du fuseau central (Ect2/RhoA).Oocyte meiosis is accomplished through two successive rounds of cellular divisions, without DNA replication, allowing for gamete haploidization necessary for parental genome fusion after fertilization. These divisions are highly asymmetric and allow extra-DNA expulsion, in small polar bodies, while retaining most of the cytoplasmic resources needed for early embryo development. Studies in mouse oocyte have demonstrated the capabilities of the gamete to autonomously break his symmetry by positioning the spindle near the cortex. By doing so, the spindle is able to induce a cortical polarization that is dependent on a Ran-GTP gradient emanating from the chromosomes. This polarization will be necessary for delimiting extrusion sites of the future polar bodies. A polarized accumulation of Arp2/3 actin filaments is one of the most evident features of oocyte polarization. We have shown that polarization of Cdc42-GTP, trough N-WASP activation, is an essential intermediate between Ran-GTP and the polarized polymerization of actin filaments. We also investigated ERM (Ezrin Radixin Moesin) proteins localization that are known to promote microvilli assembly. According to our data, microvilli and ERM are excluded from the polarized cortex in a Ran-GTP dependent manner. Finally, we studied cortical acto-myosin dynamics during the second meiotic division which requires spindle rotation. We demonstrated the existence of two cortical myosin 2 sub-populations which depend either on chromosomes (Ran-GTP/Cdc42-GTP) or on the central spindle (Ect2/RhoA)

MRCK activates mouse oocyte myosin II for spindle rotation and male pronucleus centration

International audienceAsymmetric meiotic divisions in oocytes rely on spindle positioning in close vicinity to the cortex. In metaphase-II mouse oocytes, eccentric spindle positioning triggers cortical polarization, including the build-up of an actin cap surrounded by a ring of activated myosin II. While the role of the actin cap in promoting polar body formation is established, ring myosin II activation mechanisms and functions have remained elusive. Here, we show that ring myosin II activation requiresMyotonic dystrophy kinase-Related Cdc42-binding Kinase (MRCK), downstream of polarized Cdc42. MRCK inhibitionresulted in spindle rotation defects during anaphase-II, precluding polar body extrusion. Remarkably, disengagement ofsegregated chromatid from the anaphase spindle could rescue rotation. We further show that the MRCK/myosin II pathwayis activated in the fertilization cone and is required for male pronucleus migration toward the center of the zygote. Thesefindings provide novel insights into the mechanism of myosin II activation in oocytes, and its role in orchestrating asymmetric division and pronucleus centration

Cofilin regulates actin network homeostasis and microvilli length in mouse oocytes.

How multiple actin networks coexist in a common cytoplasm, while competing for a shared pool of monomers, is still an ongoing question. This is exemplified by meiotic maturation in the mouse oocyte, which relies on the dynamic remodeling of distinct cortical and cytoplasmic F-actin networks. Here we show that the conserved actin-depolymerizing factor cofilin is activated in a switch-like manner at meiosis resumption from prophase arrest. Interfering with cofilin activation during maturation resulted in widespread microvilli elongation, while cytoplasmic F-actin was depleted, leading to defects in spindle migration and polar body extrusion. In contrast, cofilin inactivation in metaphase II-arrested oocytes resulted in a shutdown of F-actin dynamics, along with a dramatic overgrowth of the polarized actin cap. However, inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex to promote actin cap disassembly elicited ectopic microvilli outgrowth in the polarized cortex. These data establish cofilin as a key player in actin network homeostasis in oocytes, and reveal that microvilli can act as a sink for monomers upon disassembly of a competing network

MRCK controls myosin II activation in the polarized cortex of mouse oocytes and promotes spindle rotation and male pronucleus centration

Abstract Asymmetric meiotic divisions in oocytes rely on spindle positioning in close vicinity to the cortex. In mouse oocytes arrested at metaphase II, eccentric spindle positioning is associated with a chromatin-induced remodeling of the overlying cortex, including the build-up of an actin cap surrounded by a ring of activated myosin II. While the role of the actin cap in promoting polar body formation was demonstrated, the role of ring myosin II, and its mechanism of activation, have remained elusive. Here, we show that ring myosin II activation requires Myotonic dystrophy kinase-Related Cdc42-binding Kinase (MRCK), downstream of polarized Cdc42. During anaphase-II, inhibition of MRCK resulted in spindle rotation defects and a decreased rate of polar body emission. Remarkably, some oocytes eventually achieved spindle rotation by disengaging one cluster of chromatids from the anaphase spindle. We show that the MRCK/myosin II pathway also regulates the flattening of the fertilization cone to initiate male pronucleus centration. These findings provide novel insights into mammalian oocyte polarization and the role of cortical myosin II in orchestrating asymmetric division