Of Mirrors and Men

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in body self-consciousness and exercise self-efficacy between college males exercising in the presence or absence of mirrors in a general gym atmosphere. It was hypothesized that the presence of mirrors would increase body self-consciousness and increase exercise self-efficacy. The treatment group (n = 15) exercised in an environment where the mirrors had been covered up with dark paper and the control group (n=15) exercised in an environment where the mirrors were present. Body self-consciousness was assessed using the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale OBCS which is comprised of three subscales: body shame, body surveillance and appearance control beliefs. Exercise self-efficacy was assessed using the Self Presentational Efficacy Scale SPES which is comprised of three subscales: efficacy expectancy, outcome expectancy and outcome value. No significant differences were found between treatment and controls groups in body self-consciousness and exercise self-efficacy. Correlations identified that males in a mirror free environment experience an increase in both body shame and body surveillance from Pre-exercise (r=.664) to Post-exercise (r=.845). This suggests that exercise experienced males are engaging in self-reference through some other means than their reflection

Dirubidium digallium oxide bis­(ortho­borate)

The title compound, Rb2Ga2O(BO3)2, is part of the homologous series A 2Ga2O(BO3)2 (A = Na, K, Rb and Cs). The structure contains pairs of gallium-centered tetra­hedra connected through a shared oxygen vertex. Orthoborate triangles connect the basal vertices of the tetra­hedra, forming a three-dimensional network with voids occupied by rubidium ions

Restoration of Native Plants Is Reduced by Rodent-Caused Soil Disturbance and Seed Removal

Granivory and soil disturbance are two modes by which burrowing rodents may limit the success of native plant restoration in rangelands. This guild of animals has prolific effects on plant community composition and structure, yet surprisingly little research has quantified the impact of rodents on plant restoration efforts. In this study, we examined the effects of seed removal and soil disturbance by the giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) on native plant restoration in a California rangeland. Using experimental exclosures and stratifying restoration plots on and off rodent-disturbed soil, we assessed the individual and combined effects of seed removal and soil disturbance on seedling establishment of four native plant species. Across all species, biotic soil disturbance by kangaroo rats reduced seedling establishment by 19.5% (range = 1-43%), whereas seed removal reduced seedling establishment by only 6.7% (range = 4-12%). Rates of seed removal across species weakly paralleled kangaroo rat dietary preferences. These results indicate the indirect effects of burrowing rodents such as kangaroo rats on native seedling establishment via changes in soil properties may rival or exceed the direct effects of seed removal. © 2015 Society for Range Management. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.The Rangeland Ecology & Management archives are made available by the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. Contact [email protected] for further information