A Contribution Toward a Global Monograph of \u3ci\u3eGyroporus\u3c/i\u3e: Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Biogeography

Gyroporus (Sclerodermatineae, Boletales, Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota, Fungi) is a genus of ectomycorrhizal mushroom-forming fungi distributed throughout the world in suitable habitats. Previous attempts to untangle the diversity of this genus proved difficult due to the presence of semi-cryptic species and equivocal results from phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal RNA markers. To overcome these obstacles, a combined taxonomic and phylogenetic (emphasizing protein-coding genes) approach is used here to delimit species and elucidate geographic and evolutionary patterns of Gyroporus. Careful study of relevant literature and herbarium specimens was augmented by field work in North America, Australia, and East Asia for observation and collection of fresh material. For phylogenetic analyses, the mitochondrial gene atp6 and the nuclear gene rpb2 were utilized. The nuclear gene tef1 was also utilized for select exemplars. Several distinct clades are inferred, most notably a clade corresponding to Gyroporus castaneus as a speciose northern hemisphere group (the castaneus clade), a clade unifying Gyroporus cyanescens and similar entities (the cyanescens clade), and a clade unifying Gyroporus longicystidiatus and a New World sister species (the longicystidiatus clade). Also highly notable is the recovery of a sister relationship between the cyanescens and longicystidiatus clades. Abundant sister relationships between Eurasian and North American (including Central American) Gyropori are apparent and suggestive of boreotropical biogeographic scenarios; the Australian Gyropori display various biogeographic affinities. Eighteen new Gyroporus taxa are outlined and several biogeographic hypotheses are discussed. This study provides key groundwork for future efforts on this well-known but poorly-understood group of fungi

Tylocinum is no longer monotypic: Tylocinum brevisporum sp. nov. (Boletales, Boletaceae) from northern Thailand

Tylocinum Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 2016 is a Boletaceae genus belonging in subfamily Leccinoideae. It was described in 2016 from China and, prior to this study, it contained only one species, T. griseolum Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 2016. During our survey of Boletaceae from Thailand, we collected some specimens that could be identified as a Tylocinum species, different from T. griseolum.The bolete specimens, collected in forests dominated by Dipterocarpaceae and Fagaceae in northern Thailand, are described as Tylocinum brevisporum Raghoonundon & Raspé sp. nov. Macroscopic and microscopic descriptions with illustrations are provided, as well as a 3-gene phylogeny, which confirms the new taxon’s position in Tylocinum. Tylocinum brevisporum differs from the only other known Tylocinum species (T. griseolum) by its brownish-grey colour, greyish-orange to brownish-orange colour change in the hymenophore when bruised, smaller pores (≤ 0.5 mm), longer tubes (up to 6 mm long), shorter and narrower basidiospores, longer and broader basidia and longer pleurocystidia relative to cheilocystidia. T. brevisporum is the second species from the genus Tylocinum and the only one to be found outside China thus far

Three new species of Gyroporus (Boletales, Basidiomycota) from Australia

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Ionosporus rpb2 fasta alignment

A FASTA file of 35 exemplars with aligned rpb2 sequences. 7 of those exemplars were newly seqeunced

Data from: Ionosporus: a new genus for Boletus longipes (Boletaceae), with a new species, I. australis, from Australia

Boletus longipes was described in 1909 by George Massee from a specimen collected in Singapore. The species was not mentioned again until E.J.H. Corner’s book in 1972 on Malaysian boletes. Corner had collected it many times during his tenure in Singapore, and he synonymized Boletus tristis with B. longipes described nine years after B. longipes by Patouillard and Baker from the same site. Among the distinguishing characters of B. longipes were deep vinous red spore deposit, red oxidation reaction of the hymenophore when bruised, and spores that displayed a strong violet color reaction in contact with KOH. C.B. Wolfe ultimately moved both species to a new genus Austroboletus. During recent efforts to circumscribe Austroboletus in Australasia using morphological and molecular phylogenetic inferences, it became clear that B. longipes was neither in harmony with Boletus, Porphyrellus, nor Austroboletus. Rather, it is a new genus, which we describe here as Ionosporus, allied to Borofutus, Spongiforma, and Rhodactina of subfamily Leccinoideae. In addition, recent collections from Queensland and New South Wales, Australia, that are morphologically similar to I. longipes, are inferred to be a separate new species, I. australis

www.basidio.org : an online platform for the classification, identification and nomenclature of taxa within Basidiomycota

Basidiomycota constitute a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi, distributed in 4 subphyla, 18 classes, 68 orders and 241 families. Advances in molecular phylogeny over the past years have resulted in numerous changes to their classification at a rapid pace. Consequently, a vast amount of taxonomic information is available in many publications. The website www.basidio.org/ is established with the aim of gathering and compiling these scattered data on a single platform. This website will provide an up-to-date outline of Basidiomycota, notes on orders, families and genera of Basidiomycota and updated accounts of each genus based on the most current literature, in a user-friendly way

Species diversity of Basidiomycota

Fungi are eukaryotes that play essential roles in ecosystems. Among fungi, Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla with more than 40,000 described species. We review species diversity of Basidiomycota from five groups with different lifestyles or habitats: saprobic in grass/forest litter, wood-decaying, yeast-like, ectomycorrhizal, and plant parasitic. Case studies of Agaricus, Cantharellus, Ganoderma, Gyroporus, Russula, Tricholoma, and groups of lichenicolous yeast-like fungi, rust fungi, and smut fungi are used to determine trends in discovery of biodiversity. In each case study, the number of new species published during 2009–2020 is analysed to determine the rate of discovery. Publication rates differ between taxa and reflect different states of progress for species discovery in different genera. The results showed that lichenicolous yeast-like taxa had the highest publication rate for new species in the past two decades, and it is likely this trend will continue in the next decade. The species discovery rate of plant parasitic basidiomycetes was low in the past ten years, and remained constant in the past 50 years. We also found that the establishment of comprehensive and robust taxonomic systems based on a joint global initiative by mycologists could promote and standardize the recognition of taxa. We estimated that more than 54,000 species of Basidiomycota will be discovered by 2030, and estimate a total of 1.4–4.2 million species of Basidiomycota globally. These numbers illustrate a huge gap between the described and yet unknown diversity in Basidiomycota