Diseño de un aplicativo de planeación integrada de compras, producción y distribución para una productora de rodillos

En la gestión de la cadena de suministro, las empresas deben considerar varios factores para hacerlas más competitivas en el mercado. Uno de los factores es la optimización integrada de la planificación de las fases de suministro: producción, almacenamiento y distribución, que tiene como objetivo mejorar el proceso de programación minimizando los costos de la empresa. La empresa donde se realizó el proyecto es una empresa de fabricación de rodillos en Bogotá que vende más de 300 productos, pero para los fines de este proyecto se seleccionaron 21 referencias Párelo. En términos de planificación, la empresa no cuenta con una herramienta que integre las áreas mencionadas para su planificación estratégica mensual, por lo que el proceso de planificación actual se lleva a cabo en áreas independientes, donde se realizan los pedidos de compra de materias primas, producción y gestión de inventario, por el gerente de la planta utilizando su experiencia como único criterio de decisión. En la distribución, cada proveedor / distribuidor realiza su ruta diaria en función de una planificación que se realiza al comienzo del día en que se revisa el estado de los pedidos (tarde / a tiempo), luego el camión se carga con la cantidad de producto que consideren y procedan a entregar los pedidos. Además, la compañía no tiene pronósticos, lo que no les permite comprender el comportamiento de la demanda o tener una administración eficiente en la cadena de suministro. Con respecto a este tipo de problemas, este documento propone una solución centrada en tres temas específicos: el primero se refiere al pronóstico, donde el método utilizado para desarrollarlos era el promedio móvil. La segunda etapa es la definición de las metaheurísticas que mejor se adaptan a los modelos matemáticos propuestos junto con el modelo de inventarios de materias primas seleccionado, y finalmente, la tercera etapa es la creación de la herramienta de integración, descrita anteriormente, donde se encuentran las fases de la empresa. Se integran minimizando los costos asociados y entregando una planificación factible para la empresa.In management of the supply chain, companies must consider various factors to make them more competitive in the market. One of the factors is the integrated planning optimization of the phascs of supply: production, storagc and distribution, which aims to improve the scheduling process by minimizing the costs of the company. The company where the project was done is a roller manufacturing company in Bogotá that sells more than 300 products, but for the purposes of this project 21 parcto references were selected. In terms of planning, the company docs not have a tool that integrates the arcas mentioned for its monthly strategic planning thus, the current planning process is carricd out by independent arcas, where orders for the purchase of raw materials, production and inventory management are led by the plant manager using their expcrience as the solé critcrion of decisión. In the distribution, cacli vendor / distributor performs his daily route based on a planning that is madc at the beginning of the day where the status of the orders is reviewed (late / on time), then the truck is loaded with the amount of product that tliey consider and proceeds to deliver the orders. In addition, the company does not have forecasts, which does not allow them to understand the behavior of demand or have an efficient management in the supply chain. Regarding this type of problems, this paper proposes a solution focuscd on three specific topics: the first one refers to the forecast, where the method used to develop them was moving averages. The second stage is the definition of the metaheuristics that best adaptation reflects into the mathematical models proposed together with the sclcctcd raw material inventories model, and finally, the third stage is the creation of the integration tool, previously described, where the phases of the company are integrated minimizing the associated costs and deliveringa feasible planning for the company. In terms of development a forecast tool, the behavior of the demand was analyzed and then the mobile averages method was used due to its performance against the DAM and EMPAM. After that, a genetic algorithm metaheuristic its proposed to do the intégrate planning for its good results, based on the previous papers consulted. This algorithm delivers an integrated planning of production order, purchase order and inventories showing us when and how much to produce, order and save. In addition, Tabú metaheuristics was proposed to develop a planification of customer Service routes, considering the restrictions that bring the model to rcality. To have mathematical support of the problem, linear models for integrated planning and altention list for distribution were developed as a starting model to create the tools that were the outputs of this work.Ingeniero (a) IndustrialPregrad

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Producción de leche de cabra en México y uso de aceites esenciales de plantas aromáticas en su producción

La población de cabras resalta en los países en desarrollo. México es un país en desarrollo, donde la producción de leche de cabra crece. Sin embargo, nuevos retos y áreas de oportunidad continúan atendiéndose. Un desafío es la preferencia del consumidor hacia el uso de alternativas naturales en la producción animal, y una de éstas son los aceites esenciales de plantas aromáticas. Los estudios comprueban que los aceites esenciales ejercen actividad antioxidante y antibacteriana selectiva en el rumen que mejora el comportamiento productivo y la composición de la leche. Aunque la información existente sobre su uso en cabras lecheras es limitada, el presente escrito recopila información sobre la producción de leche de cabra en México y el uso de los aceites esenciales de plantas aromáticas en dietas de cabras lecheras sobre la salud, producción y calidad de la leche

Goat kid meat in the formulation of Vienna-type sausage

Objective: to evaluate the substitution of pork meat with goat kid meat in the formulation of Vienna-type sausage. Design/methodology/approach: Randomized complete block design of three treatments were used for substitute of pork meat with goat kid meat: control sausage with 100% pork meat (SC1), sausage with 50% of pork meat and 50% of goat kid meat (SC2) and sausage with 100% of goat kid meat (SC3). The physicochemical variables (cooking loss (CL), pH, color, water holding capacity (WHC), proximate composition), textural profile and sensory characteristics were measurement to evaluate of treatments.   Results: The CL of sausages did not have difference (P > 0.05). The pH and WHC increased (P < 0.05) for SC3, but their lightness decreased (P < 0.05) and increased (P < 0.05) the yellowness. Redness was similar (P > 0.05) between sausages. The moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrate and ash contents improved (P < 0.05) for SC2. Hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, gumminess and resilience increased (P < 0.05) for SC2 and SC3. The sensory evaluation of the three treatments were accepted by the consumers.   Limitations on study/implications: 100% of goat kid meat in the formulation did not improve physicochemical variables due to increased CL, WHC, b*, carbohydrates and hardness, and decreased L*. Findings/conclusions: The goat kid meat can be used at 50% for the formulation of Vienna-type sausages. Keywords: composition, color, sensory, texture.Objective: To evaluate the substitution of pork meat with goat kid meat in the formulation of Vienna-type sausage.Design/methodology/approach: A randomized complete block design was used with three treatments to substitute pork meat with goat kid meat: control sausage with 100% pork meat (SC1), sausage with 50% of pork meat and 50% of goat kid meat (SC2), and sausage with 100% of goat kid meat (SC3). The physicochemical variables (cooking loss (CL), pH, color, water holding capacity (WHC), proximate composition), textural profile and sensory characteristics were measurement to evaluate the treatments.Results: The CL of sausages elaborated with goat kid mead did not have difference (P > 0.05). The pH and WHC increased (P < 0.05) for SC3, but their luminosity decreased (P < 0.05) and the yellowness increased (P < 0.05). Redness was similar (P > 0.05) between sausages. The moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrate and ash contents improved (P < 0.05) for SC2. Hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, gumminess and resilience increased (P < 0.05) for SC2 and SC3. The sensory evaluation showed that the three treatments were accepted by the consumers.Limitations on study/implications: 100% of goat kid meat in the formulation did not improve thephysicochemical variables due to increased CL, WHC, b*, carbohydrates and hardness, and decreased L*.Findings/conclusions: The goat kid meat can be used at 50% for the formulation of Vienna-typesausages

Precios unitarios y elaboración de las propuestas técnica y económica para licitación de obra pública, con aplicación de software, en un estudio de caso.

A través de la historia el ser humano se ha preocupado por satisfacer sus necesidades básicas, además de extender sus dominios consiguiendo poder obtener una forma de lograrlo, sin lugar a dudas es el de contar con bienes materiales y económicos, los cuales están estrechamente relacionados con la moneda como forma de pago, aunque al principio de los tiempos esto se realizaba por medio de trueques de mercancías o productos, luego, con la aparición del dinero, los cambios se facilitaron ya que se pagaba realmente por el valor de un bien. De manera que el tiempo ha ido transcurriendo se han generado nuevas formas de pago desde la moneda hecha de metal, hasta la aparición de dinero electrónico. Además de que todas las áreas de estudio están influenciadas por este factor (dinero). Y cuando hablamos del dinero a cambio de alguna mercancía o producto es inevitable caer en el término “Precio” y la rama de la ingeniería civil no está exenta de esta problemática ya que el creciente desarrollo de los países ha generado mayor demanda de construcciones en cada uno de ellos. La presente investigación de tesis, corresponde a: “Precios unitarios y elaboración de las propuestas técnica y económica para licitación de obra pública”. Es indispensable para un Ingeniero Civil comprender que La licitación Públicaes un procedimiento administrativo de preparación de la voluntad contractual, por el que un ente público en ejercicio de la función administrativa invita a los interesados para que, sujetándose al pliego de condiciones (Bases de la licitación), formulen propuestas (Técnica y Económica) de entre las cuales seleccionará la más conveniente (Adjudicación). Cuando es necesario contratar obra pública, existen leyes que obligan a los entes gubernamentales a seguir un proceso legalmente definido por el derecho administrativo. En México, el Artículo 134 Constitucional determina como el gobierno debe realizar las adquisiciones y contratación de obra pública; de esa Ley se deriva la Ley de Adquisiciones, Arrendamiento y Servicios del Sector Público y Ley de Obras Públicas y Servicios relacionados con las mismas

Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context

Summary: Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health

Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context

Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health