A Moral Stakeholder Theory of the Firm

To be a coherent and genuinely alternative conception to the shareholder model, any moral stakeholder theory must meet the following conditions: (1) It must be an ethical theory; (2) It must identify a limited group as stakeholders; (3) The group must be identified on morally relevant grounds; (4) Stakeholder claims must be non-universal; (5) And not held against everyone. A principle for identifying the stakeholder is suggested as a person who has much to lose – financially, socially, or psychologically – by the failure of the firm. The emerging picture contrasts sharply with the conventional conception of the firm

An illustrated guide to modern fighters and attack aircraft

viii, 49 hlm,; ilus,; 30 cm

An attenuated immune response is sufficient to enhance cognition in an Alzheimer's Disease mouse model immunized with amyloid- derivatives

Immunization with amyloid-? (A?) 1-42 has been shown to reduce amyloid burden and improve cognition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice. In a human trial, possible cognitive benefit was found but in association with significant toxicity in a minority of patients. We proposed that immunization with nonfibrillogenic A? derivatives is much less likely to produce toxicity and have previously shown that one such derivative (K6A?1-30) can reduce amyloid burden in mice to a similar extent as A?1-42. Here, we immunized AD model mice (Tg2576) with A?1-30[E18E19] or with K6A?1-30[E18E19]. These peptides were designed to be nontoxic and to produce less T-cell response, which has been linked to toxicity. K6A?1-30[E18E19] induced primarily an IgM response, whereas A?1-30[E18E19] induced an IgG titer that was lower than previously seen with K6A?1-30 or A?1-42. However, both treated animal groups performed better than Tg controls in the radial arm maze. Amyloid burden was similar in A?1-30[E18E19]-vaccinated mice and their Tg controls, whereas the number of medium and small sized plaques was reduced (29-34%) in K6A?1-30[E18E19]-immunized mice compared with Tg controls. Amyloid burden in these mice correlated inversely with plasma IgM levels. The cognitive benefit and amyloid reduction in the K6A?1-30[E18E19]-vaccinated mice are likely to be related to peripheral clearance of A?, because IgM does not cross the blood-brain barrier because of its large size. Our results indicate that these nontoxic A? derivatives produce an attenuated antibody response, which is less likely to be associated with negative side effects while having cognitive benefits