Study of pointwise regularity and application to trade data

In this paper we focus on the pointwise Lipschitz regularity in 1D and 2D. We put the emphasis on its invariance properties to a wide range of transformations. Wavelets algorithms provide fast computations, which is desirable in the applications. In addition to theoretical properties, a practical evaluation of its robustness is possible in practice. This leads to the conclusion that the regularity stands out as a robust pointwise features in 1D as well as in 2D. As an application, we use it to extract features that are indicators of potential fraud, through the processing of trade data. Keywords: Lipschitz regularity, wavelets, feature extractionJRC.G.2-Global security and crisis managemen

Detection of abnormal behavior in trade data using Wavelets, Kalman Filter and Forward Search

In this paper we address the issue of the automatic detection of abnormal behavior in time series extracted from international trade data. We motivate, review and use three specific methods, based on solid frameworks: Wavelets, Kalman Filter and Forward Search. These methods have been successfully applied to an important EU policy issue: the analysis of trade data for antifraud and antimoney-laundering, fields in which specialists are often confronted with massive datasets. Our contribution consists in an in-depth study of these approaches to assess their performance, qualitatively and quantitatively. On the one hand, we present these three approaches, underline their specific aspects and detail the used algorithms. On the other hand, we put forward a rigorous assessment methodology. We use this methodology to evaluate each method and also to compare them, on simulated time series and also on real datasets. Results show each method has its specific advantages. Their joint use could be of a high operational impact for our applications, to deal with the variety of patterns occurring in trade data.JRC.G.2-Global security and crisis managemen

Identification of outliers in simultaneous time series using Wavelets and Forward Search

In this paper we present an original methodology for the processing of simultaneous time series. It allows to identify times at which two time series present different patterns - these being outliers in a certain sense. We first apply wavelet techniques to transform data into representations focusing on singular locations. Several approaches are proposed to obtain such representations of the data. Then we explore these with a modern tool in robust statistics, the Forward Search, which allows in particular to evidence outliers.JRC.G.2-Global security and crisis managemen

Study of Lipschitz regularity - Feature extraction on regular and irregular grids

In this paper we study the pointwise Lipschitz regularity, covering several aspects: theoretical and practical, methods for its estimation on regular and irregular grids. The relevance of this value of regularity lies in its invariance properties to several transformations, and its fast computation thanks to wavelets. We study the influence of scale on wavelets transforms and show invariance properties this value of regularity. We also put forward an original technique for its estimation on regular grids. We also address the issue of irregular grids, based on the behavior of smoothing kernels with respect to scale. The obtained results emphasize the usefulness of such features for the applications, and motivate further work on this topic. Keywords: Lipschitz regularity, wavelets, smoothing kernels, robust feature extraction, regular and irregular gridsJRC.G.2-Global security and crisis managemen

Statistics on EU trade: Highlight on its heterogeneous structure and recommendations for practical applications

We present here an analysis of trade data, which highlights differences between Member States of the European Union, and also differences between chapters of traded products. We carry out a statistical description of quantity and value of traded products between the EU and third countries. This allows in particular to obtain specific threshold values, which are useful for filtering huge datasets. We present the results obtained on a dataset covering a wide area of trade involving the EU. These results make up a relevant source of information for specialists of antifraud and antimoney-laundering.JRC.G.2-Global security and crisis managemen

Synthèse de fragments oligosaccharidiques engagés dans le développement d'un vaccin contre burkholderia cepacia impliqué dans la fibrose kystique

La fibrose kystique (FK) est une maladie génétique causée par la mutation du gène codant pour la protéine CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator). Celle-ci présente un défaut sur le canal à ions chlorure affectant ainsi entre autres la viscosité des muqueuses au niveau du système respiratoire. Cet environnement est alors propice aux colonisations bactériennes opportunistes sous la forme de biofilm. Burkholderia cepacia, bacille Gram-négatif mobile, multi-résistant aux antibiotiques et hautement transmissible, s'avère d'une extrême virulence pour les patients atteints de FK. Cette bactérie pathogène désigne en fait un ensemble de neuf souches rassemblées sous le nom de « complexe B. cepacia » (CBC). Au moins huit de ces neuf souches produisent un exopolysaccharide nommé Cepacian. Ceci est constitué d'un motif de répétition heptasaccharidique composé notamment de l'enchaînement α-D-Rhap-(1→4)-α-D-GlcpA. Le D-rhamnose (ou 6-deoxy-D-mannose) est un sucre rare et un composant de glycoconjugués des parois de bactéries pathogènes mais est absent chez l'homme. Ce dernier est donc un excellent candidat antigénique dans le cadre de la préparation d'un vaccin entièrement synthétique et spécifique. L'élaboration de celui-ci consiste en un activateur universel immunogénique peptidique (Tc-épitope)\ud et/ou protéique (semi-synthétique) fonctionnalisé par une unité antigénique spécifique. Dans ce but, un tri-O-saccharide de constituant de LPS de B. cepacia et composé majoritairement de D-rhamnose, ainsi que des fragments du motif répétition de l'exopolysaccharide du CBC ont été synthétisés. Des méthodes de synthèses orthogonales ont été optimisées avec de hauts rendements sur les cinq types de sucres du CBC, spécifiquement le D-rhamnose, et l'acide glucuronique ainsi qu'une série de glycosylations. La synthèse linéaire en 18 étapes conduit à l'α-D-Rhap-(1→4 )-α-D-Galp-(1→3)-α-D-Rhap avec 11.3% de rendement global. La dernière étape sera la conjugaison de Tc-épitope par ce dernier afin d'obtenir un vaccin entièrement synthétique. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Vaccin synthétique, T-cell épitope, Burkholderia cepacia, Fibrose kystique, Oligosaccharide, D-rhamnose, Complexe B. cepacia

Floral vascular patterns of the double-flowered and wild-type morphs of Nigella damascena L. (Ranunculaceae)

The perianth of the double-flowered morph of Nigella damascena L. consists of spirally inserted petaloid sepals and sepal-like organs, similar in shape and colour to the petaloid sepals of the wild-type flower. It is devoid of petals. We compare the vascularization of each organ category of the double flower with that of the wild-type. We show that the vascular patterns of the sepal-like organs and of the petals are identical, and found an inverse relationship between the number of bracts and the number of sepals in the double-flowered morph. These two surprising findings will influence the future evo-devo studies on this plant model

Specific duplication and dorsoventrally asymmetric expression patterns of Cycloidea-like genes in zygomorphic species of Ranunculaceae.

Floral bilateral symmetry (zygomorphy) has evolved several times independently in angiosperms from radially symmetrical (actinomorphic) ancestral states. Homologs of the Antirrhinum majus Cycloidea gene (Cyc) have been shown to control floral symmetry in diverse groups in core eudicots. In the basal eudicot family Ranunculaceae, there is a single evolutionary transition from actinomorphy to zygomorphy in the stem lineage of the tribe Delphinieae. We characterized Cyc homologs in 18 genera of Ranunculaceae, including the four genera of Delphinieae, in a sampling that represents the floral morphological diversity of this tribe, and reconstructed the evolutionary history of this gene family in Ranunculaceae. Within each of the two RanaCyL (Ranunculaceae Cycloidea-like) lineages previously identified, an additional duplication possibly predating the emergence of the Delphinieae was found, resulting in up to four gene copies in zygomorphic species. Expression analyses indicate that the RanaCyL paralogs are expressed early in floral buds and that the duration of their expression varies between species and paralog class. At most one RanaCyL paralog was expressed during the late stages of floral development in the actinomorphic species studied whereas all paralogs from the zygomorphic species were expressed, composing a species-specific identity code for perianth organs. The contrasted asymmetric patterns of expression observed in the two zygomorphic species is discussed in relation to their distinct perianth architecture

Análise quantitativa de rna mensageiros, proteínas e atividades enzimáticas no estudo da rede de regulação controlada pelo gene Opaco-2

The Opaque-2 (O2) gene encodes a transcriptional activator specifically expressed for grain development of maize. o2 mutants have an opaque and chalky kernel, with a decrease in zein storage protein content, and an increase in the proportions of lysine and tryptophan. In this review, we present recent results investigating genetic properties of the O2 network, using transcriptome and proteome approaches, associated with measurements of activities of enzymes of the aspartate pathway and lysine degradation. The structural polymorphism at the O2 locus was investigated by RFLP in a collection of 51 maize inbred lines. Most polymorphic sites were found outside the coding regions. We then searched for relationships between RFLP polymorphism and (i) mRNA abundance of O2 and of known or suspected target genes, (ii) activity of SDH and (iii) amount of zein isoforms. Polymorphic restriction sites in the 5' upstream regions of the O2 gene were found associated with O2 mRNA abundance (three sites) and the amount of two 19 kDa alpha-zein isoforms (two sites). One restriction site on the 3' side of the O2 gene was found associated with Lor/Sdh mRNA abundance. Our results indicate relationships between polymorphism at the O2 locus and the expression of some of its target genes. Evidence of these associations has to be confirmed on larger samples, and the analysis of the O2 gene sequence should allow more precise testing of the actual involvement of O2 polymorphism in its own transcriptional expression, and in the expression of its target genes.O gene Opaco-2 (O2), expresso especificamente no grão de milho, transcreve para um fator de transcrição da família "leucine-zipper". Mutantes o2 apresentam grãos opacos, redução na quantidade de zeínas e aumento na proporção de lisina e triptofano. Genes cuja expressão é controlada diretamente pelo O2 são conhecidos (alfa-zeínas de 22 kDa, beta-zeínas de 14 kDa, b-32 e cyPpdk1). Nesta revisão, nós apresentamos resultados da caracterização genética de genes relacionados com o O2, através de abordagens de transcritoma, proteoma e de atividades enzimáticas da via metabólica do aspartato e da degradação da lisina. O polimorfismo do locus O2 foi avaliado utilisando-se a técnica de RFLP em 51 linhagens de milho. A maioria dos polimorfismos foi observada nas regiões não codificadoras da proteína. Análises de correlação foram realizadas entre os polimorfismos de RFLP e (i) quantidade de RNAm do O2, cyPpdk, Lor/Sdh e Ahas (ii) quantidade de isoformas de zeínas e (iii) atividade da enzima SDH. Sítios polimórficos foram correlacionados com a quantidade de RNAm do próprio O2, do gene Lor/Sdh e com a quantidade de duas isoformas de a-zeinas de 19 kDa. Nossos resultados indicam a presença de relações entre o polimorfismo do locus O2 e o nível de expressão de genes sob o seu controle. A utilização de um maior número de linhagens e o uso de dados de seqüência do O2 permitirá uma análise precisa da conseqüência do polimorfismo deste fator de transcrição sobre o controle do seu próprio nível de expressão e dos genes por ele controlados