The structure of injective hulls of Lie modules.

Let N be a finite dimensional nilpotent Lie algebra over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic zero. In this paper we show that the injective hull of the 1-dimensional trivial U(N)-module (here U(N) denotes the universal enveloping algebra of N) is isomorphic to the k-algebra of polynomials in n indeterminates, n = dim(, k)(N), with N acting as a Lie algebra of derivations. These derivations can be expressed as sums of partial derivatives with polynomial coefficients whose degrees are bounded above by d-1 where d is the index of nilpotency of N.Assume now that L is a finite dimensional Lie algebra over k which can be expressed as the semi-direct product of a nilpotent ideal N and a subalgebra H. Then the injective hull of the 1-dimensional trivial U(L)-module is isomorphic to the tensor product over k of the injective hulls of the 1-dimensional trivial U(N)-module and the 1-dimensional trivial U(H)-module, the latter two modules being equipped with suitable L-module structures. This result is used to show that the injective hull of a locally finite dimensional module over a finite dimensional solvable Lie algebra over k is locally finite dimensional. Furthermore, if L is the semi-direct product of a finite dimensional nilpotent ideal and a finite dimensional abelian subalgebra, then the injective hull of the 1-dimensional trivial U(L)-module is isomorphic to the k-algebra of polynomials in m indeterminates where m = dim(, k)(L). L acts as a Lie algebra of derivations and these derivations can be expressed as sums of partial derivatives with polynomial coefficients. A method of calculating these representations is indicated and a number of examples are exhibited

Revisorns framtid - Ett arbete i förändring

Den rådande forskningen kring IT-utvecklingens påverkan på revisorns arbete i framtiden, pekar på en mängd olika IT-tekniker som kan utveckla dagens IT- verktyg och göra revisorns arbete mer effektivt. Forskningen pekar även på att IT kan utveckla löpande revision till att bli mer effektivt och billigare att implementera. Vilket har stor möjlighet att påverka revisorns arbete i framtiden

A critical review and development of a conceptual model of exclusion from social relations for older people

Social exclusion is complex and dynamic, and it leads to the non-realization of social, economic, political or cultural rights or participation within a society. This critical review takes stock of the literature on exclusion of social relations. Social relations are defined as comprising social resources, social connections and social networks. An evidence review group undertook a critical review which integrates, interprets and synthesizes information across studies to develop a conceptual model of exclusion from social relations. The resulting model is a subjective interpretation of the literature and is intended to be the starting point for further evaluations. The conceptual model identifies individual risks for exclusion from social relations (personal attributes, biological and neurological risk, retirement, socio-economic status, exclusion from material resources and migration). It incorporates the evaluation of social relations, and the influence of psychosocial resources and socioemotional processes, sociocultural, social-structural, environmental and policy contextual influences on exclusion from social relations. It includes distal outcomes of exclusion from social relations, that is, individual well-being, health and functioning, social opportunities and social cohesion. The dynamic relationships between elements of the model are also reported. We conclude that the model provides a subjective interpretation of the data and an excellent starting point for further phases of conceptual development and systematic evaluation(s). Future research needs to consider the use of sophisticated analytical tools and an interdisciplinary approach in order to understand the underlying biological and ecopsychosocial associations that contribute to individual and dynamic differences in the experience of exclusion from social relation

WSES Jerusalem guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis

Acute appendicitis (AA) is among the most common cause of acute abdominal pain. Diagnosis of AA is challenging; a variable combination of clinical signs and symptoms has been used together with laboratory findings in several scoring systems proposed for suggesting the probability of AA and the possible subsequent management pathway. The role of imaging in the diagnosis of AA is still debated, with variable use of US, CT and MRI in different settings worldwide. Up to date, comprehensive clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management of AA have never been issued. In July 2015, during the 3rd World Congress of the WSES, held in Jerusalem (Israel), a panel of experts including an Organizational Committee and Scientific Committee and Scientific Secretariat, participated to a Consensus Conference where eight panelists presented a number of statements developed for each of the eight main questions about diagnosis and management of AA. The statements were then voted, eventually modified and finally approved by the participants to The Consensus Conference and lately by the board of co-authors. The current paper is reporting the definitive Guidelines Statements on each of the following topics: 1) Diagnostic efficiency of clinical scoring systems, 2) Role of Imaging, 3) Non-operative treatment for uncomplicated appendicitis, 4) Timing of appendectomy and in-hospital delay, 5) Surgical treatment 6) Scoring systems for intra-operative grading of appendicitis and their clinical usefulness 7) Non-surgical treatment for complicated appendicitis: abscess or phlegmon 8) Pre-operative and post-operative antibiotics.Peer reviewe

Adapting to party lines: the effect of party affiliation on attitudes to immigration

<p>Public opinion on immigration is increasingly relevant for political behaviour. However, little is known about the way in which citizens’ political allegiances in turn shape their attitudes to immigration. Abundant existing evidence suggests that voters often take cues from the parties they support. Using panel data from the Netherlands and Sweden, this article investigates the dynamic relation between attitudes to immigration and party preferences. The longitudinal nature of the data allows for making stronger claims about causal mechanisms than previous cross-sectional studies. The analysis shows that voters who change their preference to the Radical Right become stricter on immigration, whereas voters changing to the Greens become less strict on immigration over time. This confirms that citizens’ support for anti- and pro-immigration parties results in a ‘radicalisation’ of their views on immigration along party lines. A similar ‘spiral’ of radicalisation can be found around the issue of European integration.</p