Fingierte Mündlichkeit in Literatur und Film und deren Übersetzung im Vergleich anhand der Werke Emili Teixidors und deren Verfilmung

Die durch die franquistische Historiografie verzerrte Darstellung der geschichtlichen Ereignisse im Spanien des 20. Jahrhunderts betrifft besonders den spanischen Bürgerkrieg und die unmittelbar darauf folgenden Jahre. Durch den „Pakt des Vergessens“ wurde die Aufarbeitung dieser Zeit mit ihren grausamen Verfolgungen Andersdenkender und der Jahre des Hungers zunächst erschwert und so drohten die geschichtlichen Ereignisse dem tatsächlichen Vergessen anheim zu fallen (vgl. Macher 2002). Der Roman „Pa Negre“ und seine gleichnamige filmische Literaturadaption leisten einen Beitrag gegen dieses Vergessen, besonders für die unter Franco unterdrückte katalanische Minderheit. Indem sowohl Emili Teixidor, der Autor des Romans, als auch Agustí Villaronga, der Regisseur der gleichnamigen Filmadaption, die Geschichte der „Verlierer“ erzählen, zeichnen sie ein Bild des ganz gewöhnlichen faschistischen Alltags der 40er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts, in denen in Spanien die neue, franquistische Ordnung installiert wurde. „Pa Negre“ ist die Geschichte eines 11-jährigen Jungen, dessen Unkenntnis der Umstände ihn mit unschuldigen Augen auf die Welt der Erwachsenen schauen lässt, wodurch er Korruption, Irrationalität und Heuchelei entlarvt. Aus den Widersprüchlichkeiten, in die die Menschen seiner Umgebung verstrickt sind, zieht er seine eigenen Schlüsse. Stück für Stück entfernt er sich von seiner Familie, um die Atmosphäre aus Unsicherheit und erzwungenem Schweigen hinter sich lassen zu können. So wie viele andere in seinem Land zog er sich in das innere Exil zurück (vgl. Glenn 2012). In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden der Film und seine Literaturvorlage hinsichtlich der Unterschiede und der Gemeinsamkeiten in den Ausdrucksweisen des Filmregisseurs und des Romanautors und hinsichtlich der Merkmale fingierter Mündlichkeit miteinander vergleichen. Nach einer Einleitung geht es im 2. Kapitel zunächst um die theoretischen Grundlagen für eine Analyse der Dialoge des Romans und des durch die Produzentin des Films zur Verfügung gestellten Drehbuchs hinsichtlich der in ihnen vorhandenen Merkmale von Mündlichkeit bzw. der zu erwartenden Probleme und Tendenzen bezüglich der fingierten Mündlichkeit bei der Anfertigung der deutschen Untertitel zum Film und der Übersetzung eines Kapitels des Romans. Ausgehend vom Modell des Nähe/Distanz-Kontinuums von Koch und Oesterreicher (2011) wird dabei näher auf die Aspekte der Nähesprache in der deutschen und katalanischen Sprache eingegangen. Insbesondere wird ein Überblick über die diasystematischen Varietäten des Katalanischen und eine kurze historische Darstellung der diatopischen Varietäten und ihrer Rolle im Standardisierungsprozess in Katalonien gegeben. Im 3. Kapitel werden der Film und der Roman als Gegenstand der Untersuchung vorgestellt und historisch eingeordnet. Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen den Ausdrucksweisen beider Werke werden auf der Grundlage theoretischer Betrachtungen zur Filmadaption untersucht. Das 4. Kapitel ist der Analyse der in den beiden Werken zu findenden Merkmale von Mündlichkeit und den Problemen und Lösungen bei der Übersetzung dieser Merkmale gewidmet

Biological Surface Coating and Molting Inhibition as Mechanisms of TiO2 Nanoparticle Toxicity in Daphnia magna

The production and use of nanoparticles (NP) has steadily increased within the last decade; however, knowledge about risks of NP to human health and ecosystems is still scarce. Common knowledge concerning NP effects on freshwater organisms is largely limited to standard short-term (≤48 h) toxicity tests, which lack both NP fate characterization and an understanding of the mechanisms underlying toxicity. Employing slightly longer exposure times (72 to 96 h), we found that suspensions of nanosized (∼100 nm initial mean diameter) titanium dioxide (nTiO2) led to toxicity in Daphnia magna at nominal concentrations of 3.8 (72-h EC50) and 0.73 mg/L (96-h EC50). However, nTiO2 disappeared quickly from the ISO-medium water phase, resulting in toxicity levels as low as 0.24 mg/L (96-h EC50) based on measured concentrations. Moreover, we showed that nTiO2 (∼100 nm) is significantly more toxic than non-nanosized TiO2 (∼200 nm) prepared from the same stock suspension. Most importantly, we hypothesized a mechanistic chain of events for nTiO2 toxicity in D. magna that involves the coating of the organism surface with nTiO2 combined with a molting disruption. Neonate D. magna (≤6 h) exposed to 2 mg/L nTiO2 exhibited a “biological surface coating” that disappeared within 36 h, during which the first molting was successfully managed by 100% of the exposed organisms. Continued exposure up to 96 h led to a renewed formation of the surface coating and significantly reduced the molting rate to 10%, resulting in 90% mortality. Because coating of aquatic organisms by manmade NP might be ubiquitous in nature, this form of physical NP toxicity might result in widespread negative impacts on environmental health

Immunomodulation by Different Types of N-Oxides in the Hemocytes of the Marine Bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis

The potential toxicity of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) for humans and the environment represents an emerging issue. Since the aquatic environment represents the ultimate sink for NP deposition, the development of suitable assays is needed to evaluate the potential impact of NPs on aquatic biota. The immune system is a sensitive target for NPs, and conservation of innate immunity represents an useful basis for studying common biological responses to NPs. Suspension-feeding invertebrates, such as bivalves, are particularly at risk to NP exposure, since they have extremely developed systems for uptake of nano and microscale particles integral to intracellular digestion and cellular immunity. Evaluation of the effects of NPs on functional parameters of bivalve immunocytes, the hemocytes, may help understanding the major toxic mechanisms and modes of actions that could be relevant for different NP types in aquatic organisms.In this work, a battery of assays was applied to the hemocytes of the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis to compare the in vitro effects of different n-oxides (n-TiO2, n-SiO2, n-ZnO, n-CeO2) chosen on the basis of their commercial and environmental relevance. Physico-chemical characterization of both primary particles and NP suspensions in artificial sea water-ASW was performed. Hemocyte lysosomal and mitochondrial parameters, oxyradical and nitric oxide production, phagocytic activity, as well as NP uptake, were evaluated. The results show that different n-oxides rapidly elicited differential responses hemocytes in relation to their chemical properties, concentration, behavior in sea water, and interactions with subcellular compartments. These represent the most extensive data so far available on the effects of NPs in the cells of aquatic organisms. The results indicate that Mytilus hemocytes can be utilized as a suitable model for screening the potential effects of NPs in the cells of aquatic invertebrates, and may provide a basis for future experimental work for designing environmentally safer nanomaterials

The Interactive Effects of Ammonia and Microcystin on Life-History Traits of the Cladoceran Daphnia magna: Synergistic or Antagonistic?

The occurrence of Microcystis blooms is a worldwide concern that has caused numerous adverse effects on water quality and lake ecology. Elevated ammonia and microcystin concentrations co-occur during the degradation of Microcystis blooms and are toxic to aquatic organisms; we studied the relative and combined effects of these on the life history of the model organism Daphnia magna. Ammonia and microcystin-LR treatments were: 0, 0.366, 0.581 mg L−1 and 0, 10, 30, 100 µg L−1, respectively. Experiments followed a fully factorial design. Incubations were 14 d and recorded the following life-history traits: number of moults, time to first batch of eggs, time to first clutch, size at first batch of eggs, size at first clutch, number of clutches per female, number of offspring per clutch, and total offspring per female. Both ammonia and microcystin were detrimental to most life-history traits. Interactive effects of the toxins occurred for five traits: the time to first batch of eggs appearing in the brood pouch, time to first clutch, size at first clutch, number of clutches, and total offspring per female. The interactive effects of ammonia and microcystin appeared to be synergistic on some parameters (e.g., time to first eggs) and antagonistic on others (e.g., total offspring per female). In conclusion, the released toxins during the degradation of Microcystis blooms would result, according to our data, in substantially negative effect on D. magna

Aquatic Ecotoxicity Testing of Nanoparticles—The Quest To Disclose Nanoparticle Effects

The number of products on the market containing engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) has increased significantly, and concerns have been raised regarding their ecotoxicological effects. Environmental safety assessments as well as relevant and reliable ecotoxicological data are required for the safe and sustainable use of ENPs. Although the number of publications on the ecotoxicological effects and uptake of ENPs is rapidly expanding, the applicability of the reported data for hazard assessment is questionable. A major knowledge gap is whether nanoparticle effects occur when test organisms are exposed to ENPs in aquatic test systems. Filling this gap is not straightforward, because of the broad range of ENPs and the different behavior of ENPs compared to “ordinary” (dissolved) chemicals in the ecotoxicity test systems. The risk of generating false negatives, and false positives, in the currently used tests is high, and in most cases difficult to assess. This Review outlines some of the pitfalls in the aquatic toxicity testing of ENPs which may lead to misinterpretation of test results. Response types are also proposed to reveal potential nanoparticle effects in the aquatic test organisms

Behavior and chronic toxicity of two differently stabilized silver nanoparticles to Daphnia magna

While differences in silver nanoparticle (AgNP) colloidal stability, surface potential, or acute aquatic toxicity for differently stabilized AgNP have often been reported, these have rarely been studied in long-term ecotoxicity tests. In the current study, we investigated the chronic toxicity of AgNP to Daphnia magna over a 21-day period with two different stabilizers (citrate and detergent), representative for charge and sterical stabilizers, respectively. This was coupled with a series of short-term experiments, such as mass balance and uptake/depuration testing, to investigate the behavior of both types of AgNP during a typical media exchange period in the D. magna test for chronic toxicity. As expected, the sterically stabilized AgNP were more stable in the test medium, also in the presence of food; however, a higher uptake of silver after 24 h exposure of the charge stabilized AgNP was found compared to the detergent-stabilized AgNP (0.046 ± 0.006 μg Ag μg DW−1 and 0.023 ± 0.005 μg Ag μg DW−1, respectively). In accordance with this, the higher reproductive effects and mortality were found for the charge-stabilized than for the sterically-stabilized silver nanoparticles in 21-d tests for chronic toxicity. LOEC was 19.2 μg Ag L−1 for both endpoints for citrate-coated AgNP and >27.5 μg Ag L−1 (highest tested concentration for detergent-stabilized AgNP). This indicates a link between uptake and toxicity. The inclusion of additional short-term experiments on uptake and depuration is recommended when longer-term chronic experiments with nanoparticles are conducted