Application of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer in irrigated common bean crops

The use of adequate management practices and high nitrogen fertilizer rates have contributed to increase the common bean grain yield, however, the application of nitrogen fertilizer at sowing still requires evaluations for irrigated crops in the Brazilian Cerrado biome region. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of application of different rates of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer—dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP)—at sowing and as top-dressing on agronomic performance and leaf area index of irrigated common bean crops grown in the Brazilian Cerrado biome region. A randomized block design in a 4×3 factorial arrangement with four replications was used. The treatments consisted of four nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha-1) and three application forms (100% at sowing, 100% as top-dressing, and 50% at sowing + 50% as top-dressing). Irrigation was managed with class A tanks and two-day intervals. The nitrogen applied at the different stages of the crop did not affect the production components of the common bean plants. The highest grain yields were found with the nitrogen rates of 180 kg ha-1 in 2015 (1,756.37 kg ha-1), and 123.98 kg ha-1 in 2016 (1,799.63 kg ha-1).The use of adequate management practices and high nitrogen fertilizer rates have contributed to increase the common bean grain yield, however, the application of nitrogen fertilizer at sowing still requires evaluations for irrigated crops in the Brazilian Cerrado biome region. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of application of different rates of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer—dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP)—at sowing and as top-dressing on agronomic performance and leaf area index of irrigated common bean crops grown in the Brazilian Cerrado biome region. A randomized block design in a 4×3 factorial arrangement with four replications was used. The treatments consisted of four nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha-1) and three application forms (100% at sowing, 100% as top-dressing, and 50% at sowing + 50% as top-dressing). Irrigation was managed with class A tanks and two-day intervals. The nitrogen applied at the different stages of the crop did not affect the production components of the common bean plants. The highest grain yields were found with the nitrogen rates of 180 kg ha-1 in 2015 (1,756.37 kg ha-1), and 123.98 kg ha-1 in 2016 (1,799.63 kg ha-1)

Tratamento de sementes de pimentão com microrganismos, micronutrientes, aminoácidos e reguladores de crescimento

Small sized seeds, such as the horticultural species, have limited quantities of reserves that can be balanced by coating then with essential nutrients for their initial development. In addition, inoculation of the seeds with microorganisms may protect the plants against phytopathogens, thus enhancing their growth. The present work had the objective of evaluate the physiological quality and seedling development of sweet pepper seeds and seedlings coated with several kind of films. Seeds were first coated with polymers and then with antagonistic microorganisms (Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma polysporhum, Trichoderma stromaticum, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae), mycorrhizas, aminoacids, micronutrients and plant growth regulators. Evaluation was performed for percentage of germination and for seedling emergence, speed of emergence index, number of plants, dry mass of the aerial and root parts and height of the seedlings. Inoculation with Trichoderma viride increased the percentage and rate of the seedlings emergence Inoculation with Trichoderma viride, Metarhizium anisopliae and mycorrhizas promote better seedling development; seed microbiolization with microorganisms Trichoderma viride, T. polysporhum, T. stromaticum, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae. Mycorrhizas mixture negatively affected seeds and seedling quality. Seed covering with plant growht regulator, at a 5 mL kg-1 dose increased the roots dry matter.Em sementes pequenas, como as de espécies hortícolas, as limitadas quantidades de reservas podem ser equilibradas por meio do seu recobrimento com nutrientes essenciais para o seu desenvolvimento inicial. Além disso, a inoculação dessas sementes com microrganismos, além de proteger as plantas contra fitopatógenos, pode promover o seu crescimento. Assim, objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de tipos de revestimentos na qualidade de sementes e mudas de pimentão (Capsicum annum). Para tanto, as sementes foram primeiro revestidas com polímeros e depois foram adicionados microrganismos antagônicos (Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma polysporhum, Trichoderma stromaticum, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae), micorrizas, aminoácidos, micronutrientes e reguladores vegetais. Avaliaram-se a porcentagem de germinação e de emergência, o índice de velocidade de emergência, o número de plantas, a massa seca de parte aérea e de raiz e a altura da parte aérea das mudas. A inoculação de sementes com Trichoderma viride aumentou a porcentagem e o índice de velocidade de emergência das plântulas; Trichoderma viride, Metarhizium anisopliae e as micorrizas inoculadas às sementes dessa espécie promovem melhor desenvolvimento das mudas; a microbiolização de sementes com a mistura dos microrganismos Trichoderma viride, T. polysporhum, T. stromaticum, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae e micorrizas afetou negativamente a qualidade das sementes e mudas de pimentão e o revestimento dessas sementes com regulador vegetal, na dose de 5 mL kg-1 de sementes proporciona aumento na massa seca das raízes das plantas

Uso de subproductos del banano en la alimentación animal

The banana is of great value in terms of nutrition, being an energy source with great potential in animal feed. The essential features of bananas and plantains are the low dry matter content and the predominance of non-structural carbohydrates mainly in the pulp. These fruits are essentially an energy source in the form of starch or immature green they are, and in the form of saccharose if they are in the mature form. While the leaves of banana present values of NDF, cp and lignin suitable for animal feed, mainly as a forage source for ruminants. However, the presence of tannins in bananas and plantains is the main anti-nutritional factor of these fruits. Tannins can influence negatively the voluntary intake and the digestive processes by inhibiting the action of proteolytic enzymes. This literature review aims to show the potential use of banana crop by-products in animal feed for this are characterized nutritional properties of banana, and are compiled studies evaluating the use of the banana crop by-products in animal feed, as are mentioned antinutritional factors to take into account when using this fruit as a food source for livestock.El banano es una fruta de alto valor nutricional lo que lo convierte en un alimento energético con alto potencial para la alimentación animal. Algunas características nutricionales de los bananos y plátanos son el bajo contenido de materia seca y alta concentración de carbohidratos no estructurales, principalmente en la pulpa. Estas frutas son una fuente de energía en forma de almidón cuando están verdes o inmaduras y en forma de sacarosa cuando están en estado avanzado de maduración. Mientras que las hojas de esta planta presentan valores de FDN, PB y lignina aptos para la alimentación animal, principalmente como forraje en rumiantes. Sin embargo, la presencia de taninos es el principal factor anti nutricional de estas frutas. Los taninos pueden afectar negativamente el consumo de alimento y también su digestión al inhibir la acción de enzimas proteolíticas. El objetivo de esta revisión de literatura es mostrar el potencial de los subproductos del banano y del plátano para uso en la alimentación animal. En esta revisión son caracterizadas las propiedades nutricionales del banano y del plátano, fueron compilados estudios que evalúan el uso de subproductos de esta fruta y sus hojas en la producción animal y también son detallados los factores anti nutricionales que se deben considerar antes de usar esta fruta como fuente de alimento en la producción animal

DAMAGE CAUSED BY A WHEELED HARVESTER TO THE RESIDUAL TREES OF A PINUS STAND IN THE FIRST MECHANIZED MIXED THINNING

The objective of this study was to evaluate the damage caused to the remaining trees of a pinus stand submitted to mechanized thinning by a wheeled harvester. The data were obtained in the operational areas of timber harvesting in a forest company located in the city of Inácio Martins, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The Pinus stand of the study was 11 years old, and was submitted to the first commercial thinning. The operation was performed by a harvester, characterized by the systematic removal of the 5th planting line to give access to the interior of the stand, followed by selective thinning in the individuals demarcated in the two lines adjacent to the traffic trails. The damage caused to the remaining trees of the stand regarding their numbers, dimensions and location in relation to the harvester’s operation track was evaluated, and the data were analyzed using the Profile Analysis multivariate analysis technique. It was observed that 25% of the remaining trees suffered some kind of damage, being considered a high value, but current to the literature. It was evidenced that the section of the tree in need of greater alert was the base because damages in greater intensity and dimensions were observed to it, which can bring future losses to the stand. Thus, a need for improvements in operational procedures was demonstrated

Análise da representatividade das unidades de conservação federais na Bacia do Rio São Francisco

No presente trabalho foi feito um levantamento dos percentuais de áreasprotegidas da bacia do rio São Francisco relacionando-os com os percentuais nacionais,por meio de técnicas de geoprocessamento. Estimou-se um percentual de 1,66% deáreas protegidas para a bacia do rio São Francisco, sendo 0,63% referente às categoriasde Proteção Integral e 1,63% às de Uso Sustentado. Esse percentual total da bacia ficamuito aquém do nacional (5,83%) e é muito baixo para uma área de importância cultural,social e ambiental. Os baixos valores encontrados revelam um déficit significativo deáreas preservadas na bacia o que, provavelmente, reflete negativamente na qualidade devida de seus habitantes. Esses índices fornecem subsídios para priorizar a implantaçãode novas áreas de preservação. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTIn this paper it was made a survey of the protected areas percent of the SãoFrancisco basin and its relationship with the national percent ones, through the use ofGIS techniques. It was estimated 1,66% of protected areas for the San Francisco basin,being 0,63% related to Integral Protection categories and 1,63% to sustainable use. Thisbasin value is lower than the national (5,83%) and it is very low for an important area withcultural, social and environmental potential. The low values reveal a significant deficit ofpreserved areas in the basin that, probably, affect the inhabitants. Those indexes can beused to implement the new conservation areas

Extração de macronutrientes pela soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) em função dos níveis de NPK

This study was conducted with the objetives of determing the rate of macronutrient absorption considering the following items: . periods of greatest need for macronutrient nutrition; . amount of macronutrients accumulated in the different parts of the plant; . amount of macronutrients exported in seeds. A 3³ factorial experiment with three replications was used in this study. The experimental area was located at Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The soil belongs to the Guamium series. IAC-2, an indeterminate soybean cultivar, was used. N, P and K were applied in the rows at the levels of 0, 20 and 40 kg/ha (N), 0, 60 and 120 kg/ha (p2o5), and 0, 30 and 60 kg/ha (k2o). Plant samples were taken at 21-day intervals starting at emergence and continuing until partial fall of the leaves (105 days after emergence). The several plants were analysed for macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S). At maturity, seeds from each plant were harvested and analysed for macronutrients. The following conclusions were drawn: . The period of highest rate of absorption of the nutrients by leaves and stems occurred between 44 and 55 days of age for the leaves, and between 55 and 76 days for stems. The amounts of nutrients removed, with exception of N and Mg, were affected by the levels of phosphorus applied to the soil; with exception of N and Mg, the nutrient contents varied according to plant parts; . The accumulation of N, P, K and Mg in the soybean seeds was influenced only by the levels of phosphorus applied to the soil. The accumulation of Ca and S in the seeds was not affected by the levels of N, P, and K. The removal of nutrients through harvest was influenced only by the effects of the treatments on yield of seeds.O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido visando atingir os seguintes objetivos: 1. quantidade de nutrientes extraídos pelas diversas partes da planta; 2. quantidade exportada pela produção. Foi instalado em fatorial 3³ com três repetições em solo da série Guamium em Piracicaba, SP, usando-se a cultivar IAC-2 de hábito de crescimento indeterminado. Foram aplicados no sulco: 0, 20 e 40 kg de N por ha; 0, 60 e 120 kg de p2O5 por ha, e 0, 30 e 60 kg de K2O por ha. Foram colhidas amostras de plantas, em intervalos de 21 dias, a partir da emergência, até a queda parcial das folhas (105 dias) e analisadas para N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. Os grãos, também foram analisados para os elementos citados. O período de maior velocidade da absorção dos nutrientes pelas folhas e caules esta entre 44 a 58 dias de idade para as folhas e entre 55-76 dias para os caules. As quantidades de nutrientes extraídos foram afetados pelas partes da planta, com exceção de N e Mg e pelas doses de P aplicados. O acumulo de N, P, K e Mg nos grãos foi afetado somente pelas doses de P aplicados. O acúmulo de Ca e S nos grãos não sofreu influência da adubação NPK

Variação Sazonal De Sulfato, Enxofre Total E Matéria Orgânica No Gênero Humirianthera,Em Função Da Idade

Twenty eight (23) H. ampla and nine (09) H. rupestris adult and young specimens were collected to determine the levels of S04~ and total-S in leaf, stem, tuber and in the soil where they grow. In H. ampla the level of S04~ varied from 022.-078% and in H. rupestris from 0.22-138%. The level of S in H. ampla varied from 0.74-0.96% and In H. rupestris from 0.75-1.02%. The level of S04~ IH H. ampla follows the pattern leaf>tuber>stem Independent of time of year and physiological age, while in H. rupestris the pattern is tuber>leaf>stem. The 5 shows a different behavior, maintaining the pattern tuber>stem>Jeaf for H. ampla and tuber>leaf>stem for H. rupestris. In the soil where H. ampla grows no variation in level of S04~ (052%) was observed while for H. rupestris the variation was from 027-0.63% being higher in the rainy season. Due to the vegetation-soil interrelationship the levels of organic C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Fe, Al and Zn were analyzed in the vegetative material and in the soil.No período de janeiro a dezembro de 1986 foram coletados 28 (vìnte e oito) espécimens de H. ampla e 09 (nove) de H. rupestris, nas idades adulta e jovem, para determinação dos teores de S04~ e S-total em folha, caule, tubércolo e no solo onde as mesmas se desenvolveram. Em H. ampla o teor de 504~ variou de 0,22-0,78% e em H. rupestris de 0,22-1,30%. O teor de 5 em H. ampla variou de 0,74-0,96% e em H. rupestris de 0,75-1,02%. O teor de S04~em H. ampla obedece a relação folha>tubérculo>caule independente da época e idade fisiológica, enquanto em H. rupestris a relação é tubérculo>folha>caule. 0 S apresenta um comportamento diferente, mantendo a relação tubérculo>caule>folha para H. ampla e tubérculo>folha>caule para H. rupestris. No solo onde H. ampla se desenvolveu não se observou variação do teor de S04~(0,52%) enquanto para H. rupestris a variação foi de 0,27-0,63% sendo maiores na época chuvosa. Devido a interrelação vegetação-solo analisou-se os teores de C-orgânico no material vegetal e no solo

EFFECT OF SPECIFIC ENDURANCE ON THE PHYSICAL RESPONSES OF YOUNG ATHLETES DURING SOCCER SMALL-SIDED GAMES

This study aimed to compare the physical responses of soccer players with different levels of specific endurance during SSG performed by teams balanced according to athletes’ specific endurance. Eighteen U-17 athletes from a team that participated in national competitions took part in this study. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 (YIRT2) was used to measure the athletes’ specific endurance. Then, athletes were allocated to two groups balanced according to their positional status and YIRT2 scores: in Group1 players with the highest results in the YIRT2 and in Group 2 with the lower YIRT2 scores. Athletes played twofour-minute bou ts of 3vs.3 small-sided games with goalkeepers with four minutes of passive rest. Total distance covered, average speed, and accelerations were obtained by GPS devices carried by each player. Group 1 presented higher total distance covered (large effect size), higher average speed (large effect size), and higher total distance covered in accelerations above 1 m·s-2 (moderate effect size), compared to Group 2. We concluded that specific endurance can partially influence physical responses of young soccer athletes during small-sided games. This information is important to appropriately prescribe small-sided games during the training process, possibly by grouping together athletes with similar specific endurance and, therefore, promoting an adequate stimulus to better-conditioned athletes.Key words: Yo-Yo Test, motor profile, Global Positioning System, acceleration demand</p