Yeasts associated with the production of distilled alcoholic beverages

Distilled alcoholic beverages are produced firstly by fermenting sugars emanating from cereal starches (in the case of whiskies), sucrose-rich plants (in the case of rums), fructooligosaccharide-rich plants (in the case of tequila) or from fruits (in the case of brandies). Traditionally, such fermentations were conducted in a spontaneous fashion, relying on indigenous microbiota, including wild yeasts. In modern practices, selected strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are employed to produce high levels of ethanol together with numerous secondary metabolites (eg. higher alcohols, esters, carbonyls etc.) which greatly influence the final flavour and aroma characteristics of spirits following distillation of the fermented wash. Therefore, distillers, like winemakers, must carefully choose their yeast strain which will be very important in providing the alcohol content and the sensory profiles of spirit beverages. This Chapter discusses yeast and fermentation aspects associated with the production of selected distilled spirits and highlights similarities and differences with the production of wine

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Osciladores Caóticos implementados en Microcontrolador PIC18F

Introducción: Recientemente, los sistemas caóticos han llamado la atención de la comunidad científica internacional, debido a sus potenciales aplicaciones en varias ramas de la ciencia e ingeniería. Se han propuesto muchos trabajos con el fin de resolver algunos problemas interesantes, como la determinación de daños estructurales en los materiales o en sistemas de comunicaciones seguras. Sin embargo, la mayoría de estos trabajos se enfocan en sistemas caóticos en tiempo continuo, mientras que en muchos casos, es deseable que estos sistemas estén en el modo de tiempo discreto y puedan ser utilizados en tiempo real. Método: El presente trabajo propone la implementación experimental de tres osciladores caóticos discretizados en un microcontrolador simple. Los osciladores caóticos a implementar son muy conocidos y muy utilizados para ejemplificar posibles soluciones a diversos problemas: los osciladores de Lorenz, Rössler y Chen. Para lo cual, se utilizan tan solo un microcontrolador de bajo costo, unos cuantos resistores y un algoritmo de computación sencillo. Resultados: Se obtiene un sistema embebido de bajo costo y sencillo para implementar osciladores caóticos discretizados. Discusión o Conclusión: Se demuestra que los osciladores caóticos de Lorenz, Rössler y Chen pueden implementarse en cualquier microcontrolador de arquitectura basada en palabras de 18 bits o más. Además, se observa que el algoritmo propuesto se pude migrar de un oscilador a otro con solo sustituir el sistema caótico de ecuaciones

Family of Bistable Attractors Contained in an Unstable Dissipative Switching System Associated to a SNLF

This work presents a multiscroll generator system, which addresses the issue by the implementation of 9-level saturated nonlinear function, SNLF, being modified with a new control parameter that acts as a bifurcation parameter. By means of the modification of the newly introduced parameter, it is possible to control the number of scrolls to generate. The proposed system has richer dynamics than the original, not only presenting the generation of a global attractor; it is capable of generating monostable and bistable multiscrolls. The study of the basin of attraction for the natural attractor generation (9-scroll SNLF) shows the restrictions in the initial conditions space where the system is capable of presenting dynamical responses, limiting its possible electronic implementations