5 research outputs found
Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST): Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population
OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST) in Spanish-speaking
pediatric populations.
METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the M-WCST
as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Number of categories, perseverative errors, and total error scores were normed
using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2, sex, and mean level of parental
education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses.
RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models indicated main effects for age on all scores, such that the number
of categories correct increased and total number of perseverative errors and total number of errors decrease linearly as a
function of age. Age2 had a significant effect in Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, and Spain for numbers of categories; a significant
effect for number of perseverative errors in Chile, Cuba, Mexico, and Spain; and a significant effect for number of total
errors in Chile, Cuba, Peru, and Spain. Models showed an effect for MLPE in Cuba (total errors), Ecuador (categories and
total errors), Mexico (all scores), Paraguay (perseverative errors and total error), and Spain (categories and total errors). Sex
affected number of total errors for Ecuador.
CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate way to interpret the M-WCST with pediatric populations