Archaeometric Study of the White Marbles from “Madonna Della Febbre” Altar in San Domenico Church (Cosenza, Southern Italy)

San Domenico Church was built between 1441 and 1468 and represents one of the most important historical buildings of the Cosenza area (Calabria, Southern Italy) thanks to its architectonic style and the works inside, such as the “Madonna della Febbre”, a notable marble altar dated back to the XVI century. The church, as well as the sculptural group, underwent various interventions over time, unfortunately scarcely documented; thus, in this paper, the characterization of six white marble samples coming from the altar, was carried out to determine their provenance. The samples were analyzed by means of complementary methodologies well known in the archaeometric field: polarized optical microscopy (POM); an electron probe micro analyzer coupled with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EPMA-EDS); inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS); and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). The results provided important information about the “Madonna della Febbre” altar, suggesting the presence of different typologies of marbles and hypothesizing their possible provenance, including Carrara and Docimium. It was not clear if these marbles were re-used materials but, regardless, the reported information adds precious elements to the history of the entire architectonic complex, providing new issues to be deepened

IMPLEMENTATION OF RFID TO IMPROVE ACCOUNTABILITY IN DISTRIBUTED MARITIME OPERATIONS AND EABO

This study examines the possibility of implementing radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to improve inventory control within the Marine Corps' Expeditionary Advanced Base Operations (EABO) construct. The lack of inventory control in austere environments and isolated operations reduces the Marine Corps' ability to train, man, and equip the operating forces. The study focuses on the technology's applicability to maritime operations, resource management, and implementation within EABO. The costs and benefits of using RFID in amphibious operations and the littorals will be analyzed with special attention given to accountability and electromagnetic (EM) signature. By-hand accountability is labor- and time-intensive. Implementing RFID technology can reduce man-hours spent tracking equipment and save hundreds of hours on asset visibility. The study shows that implementing RFID technology in the Marine Corps' EABO construct can improve resource management, reduce manpower hours, and save costs due to the ease of understanding and implementation of this technology. This study demonstrates that projected improvements from RFID technology in the DOD may be overly conservative and that decision-makers should consider the actual outcomes from previous case studies when assessing the potential benefits of implementing RFID technology.Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.Captain, United States Marine CorpsCaptain, United States Marine Corp

Le champ filonien à Zn-(Pb, Cu, As, Hg) du district minier de Fedj Hassène (Nord Ouest de la Tunisie): Minéralogie, Eléments en traces, Isotopes du Soufre et Inclusions Fluides

Le district minier de Fedj Hassène est situé à proximité de la frontière algéro-tunisienne, à 10 Km au sud de la ville de Ghardimaou. Il regroupe plusieurs filons à Pb-Zn, localement accompagnés par des sulfures de Cu, d'As et d'Hg. Les réserves sont estimées à 370.000 t à 10% de Zn et 0,2% de Pb. Les minéralisations remplissent des fractures subparallèles à la faille d'Ain Kohla de direction ESEWNW et des fentes d'extension qui recoupent les calcaires marneux du Turonien moyen. Le filon principal est formé par de la sphalérite massive brune et accessoirement par de la galène et de la barytine. Le minerai peut se présenter sous forme massive ou sous la forme de ciment de brèche. L'association minérale est composée par de la sphalérite, galène, chalcopyrite, pyrite et orpiment. La gangue est formée par de la calcite massive et localement par de la barytine et du quartz. L'analyse des éléments en trace dans la sphalérite révèle des teneurs en poids de 0,84% Fe, 0,14% Cd et 0,02% Mn. L'étude des inclusions fluides dans la calcite et la sphalérite montre l'existence d'un fluide caractérisé par une salinité de l'ordre de 23% poids équiv. NaCl à température décroissante lors de la mise en place des minéralisations (194 °C lors du dépôt de la calcite et 133 °C lors du dépôt de la sphalérite). Ce fluide est caractérisé par une densité comprise entre 1,00 g/cm3 et 1,11 g/cm3 avec une pression de piégeage estimée de 200 bars. La précipitation des sulfures parait être contrôlée par une chute de la température. Les mesures des isotopes du soufre dans la sphalérite donnent des valeurs de δ34S toutes positives et variant dans une gamme très restreinte comprise entre + 4,6‰ et 6,4‰ VCDT (moyenne=5,6‰). Ces valeurs indiquent une origine commune du soufre réduit qui est formé par les processus de ré duction thermique de sulfates. La source des sulfates admet les évaporites triasiques de la région comme reservoir potentiel. Les études géologiques et minéralogiques couplées à la microthermométrie des inclusions fluides et la géochimie des éléments en traces et des isotopes du soufre permettent de classer le gisement filonien de Fedj Hassène dans le groupe des gisements polymétalliques (Pb-Zn-As, Hg) typiques de la zone des nappes de la Tunisie du Nord et de l'Algérie nord-orientale

The potential mechanism of black crust development on the historic buildings in Cairo and Venice

The development of black crusts on natural stones of historic buildings is mainly related to the surrounded polluted atmosphere. The blackening of surfaces is caused, in fact, by the accumulation of air pollutants produced by human activity, especially carbon particles originating from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuel. Investigations of the chemical composition of such layers in the monuments can be the basis for planning suitable strategies for the protection and conservation of the built cultural heritage. Cairo (Egypt) and Venice (Italy) are two cities with a large amount of cultural heritage buildings; moreover, they suffer high level of air pollution. Black crust with the hosted stones from different sites in Historic Cairo, as well as samples of different archaeological sites in Venice city, were collected and analyzed by using several techniques: polarizing optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS), infrared spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR) and laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The characterization of such samples provided information on the chemical composition of black crusts, the state of conservation of the substrates and the crust-stone interactions. The chemical study highlighted a different pattern of elements within the two cities. Regarding the black crusts of Cairo, results suggest that the air pollution in Cairo is mainly related to vehicular traffic. Indeed, in the city there is high vehicular traffic almost 24 h a day and the direct impact of vehicle emissions is particularly severe. Samples from the Venice show different composition in terms of heavy metals with respect to Cairo that can be explained with the emission from several industries sited in the near industrial center of Porto Marghera and Island of Murano. Moreover, the fuels used for marine transportation, which is abundant into the area, have a slight different fingerprinting in terms of metals with respect to the vehicles

Lichens as bioindicators of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Valencia, Spain

The lichens due to their symbiotic nature have unique characteristics that confer them a key role as bioindicators of the environmental contamination. Many investigations have been done using epiphytic lichens as bioindicators, but only a few of these studies have used epilithiccrustose lichens. Three different epilithic-crustose lichens species: Candelariella sp., Lecanora sp. and Caloplaca sp. were studied as bioindicators of V, Cr,Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr,Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Pb, Bi and U trace elements. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry routine procedure is used to determining these element concentrations. Two sites were selected for lichens sampling according to environmental contamination. The lichens were collected on the facade of the Santos Juanes church in an urban area of Valencia; and on the rural area of Albarracin. The main aim of this work is showing the efficacy of the epilithic-crustose lichens as bioindicators of the air pollution. This study shows that the city of Valencia, compared with the rural area has high levels of Cu and Pb as detected using lichens as bioindicators. Therefore on the basis of these results, it can be hypothesized that Candelariella sp., Lecanora sp. and Caloplaca sp. are good accumulators of air borne heavy metals.This work has financial support of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion with a Ph.D. scholarship for Pilar Bosch Roig (BES-2006-12110) and with a three months stay scholarship to do this research in the Opificio delle Pietre Dure in Florence, Italy with Doctor Carlo Lalli. The authors wish to thank to the priest of the Santos Juanes Church of Valencia; the Direccion General de Patrimonio; to Prof. Pilar Roig Picazo and Prof. Ignacio Bosch Reig; the Instituto Universitario de Restauracion del Patrimonio from the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia; to the Ministero per I Beni Culturali; Italy.Bosch Roig, MDP.; Barca, D.; Crisci, G.; Lalli Galliano, C. (2013). Lichens as bioindicators of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Valencia, Spain. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 70(4):373-388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-013-9273-6S373388704Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological profile for lead. Atlanta, GA.; 2007. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=96&tid=22 . Accessed August 2010Ausset, P., Crovisier, J.L., Del Monte, M., Furlan, V., Girardet, F., Hammecker, C., Jeannette, D., Lefevre, A.: Experimental study of limestone and sandstone sulphation in polluted realistic conditions: the Lausanne Atmospheric Simulation Chamber (LASC). Atmos. Environ. 30, 3197–3207 (1996)Bajpai, D., Upreti, K., Dwivedi, S.K.: Arsenic accumulation in lichens of Mandav monuments, Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 159(1–4), 437–442 (2009)Bajpai, D., Upreti, K., Dwivedi, S.K.: Passive monitoring of atmospheric heavy metals in a historical city of central India by Lepraria lobificans Nyl. Environ. Monit. Assess. 166, 477–484 (2010)Barca, D., Belfiore, C.M., Crisci, G.M., La Russa, M.F., Pezzino, A., Ruffolo, S.A.: Application of laser ablation ICP-MS and traditional techniques to the study of black crusts on building stones: a new methodological approach. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 17(8), 1433–1447 (2010)Barca, D., Belfiore, C.M., Crisci, G.M., La Russa, M.F., Pezzino, A., Ruffolo, S.A.: A new methodological approach for the chemical characterization of black crusts on building stones: a case study from the Catania city centre (Sicily, Italy). J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 26, 1000–1011 (2011)Bargagli-Pertrucci, G.: Studi sulla flora microscopia della regione boracifera della Toscana. La vegetazione cirittogamica nella regione boracifera. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 22, 409–411 (1915)Bates, J.W., Farmer, A.M.: Bryophytes and lichens in a changing environment. Oxford Science, Oxford (1992)Benco, C., Grillo, Rossi, E., Palmieri, F.: Biomonittoraggio di metalli mediante licheni epifi ti nel territorio della Spezia. Arpal, La Spezia (1989)Bretschneider, S., Marcano, V.: Utilización de líquenes como indicadores de contaminación por metales pesados y otros agentes en el Valle de Mérida. Rev. For. Venez. 1, 35–36 (1995)Brown, D.H., Beckett, R.P.: Differential sensitivity of lichens to heavy metals. Ann. Bot. 52, 51–57 (1983)Calatayud Lorente, V., Sanz Sánchez, M.J.: Guía de líquenes epifitos. Ministerio de medio ambiente. Organismo Autonomo parques nacionales, Spain (2000)Cardarelli, E., Achilli, M., Campanella, C., Bartoli, A.: Monitoraggio dell’inquinamento da metalli pesanti mediante l’uso di licheni nella città di Roma. Inquinamento 6, 56–63 (1993)Cicek, A., Koparal, A.S., Catak, S., Ugur, S.: The level of some heavy metals and nutritional elements in the samples from soils and trace levels growing in the vicinity of Syitomer thermal power plant in Kutahya (Turkey). In: Topcu, S. et al. (eds.) Air Quality Management at Urban, Regional and Global Scales, pp. 157–162. Istanbul, Turkey (2001)Cislaghi, C., Nimis, P.L.: Lichens, air polution and lung cancer. Nature 387, 463 (1997)Conti, M.E., Cecchetti, G.: Biological monitoring: lichens as bioindicators of air pollution assessment- a review. Environ. Pollut. 114, 471–492 (2001)Dakal, T.C., Cameotra, S.S.: Microbially induced deterioration of architectural heritages: routes and mechanisms involved. Environ. Sci. Eur. 24, 36–49 (2012)Déruelle, S.: La fiabilite des lichens comme bioindicateurs de la pollution plombique. Écologie 27, 285–290 (1996)Deschamps, E., Matschullat, J.: Arsenic: natural and anthropogenic. Arsenic in the environment, vol 4. CRC Press, Balkema (2011)Eggins, S.M., Woodhead, J.D., Kinsley, L.P.J., Mortimer, G.E., Sylvester, P., McCulloch, M.T., Hergt, J.M., Handler, M.R.: A simple method for the precise determination of 40 trace elements in geological samples by ICPMS using enriched isotope internal standardisation. Chem. Geol. 134, 311–326 (1997)Ferry, B.W., Baddeley, M.S., Hawksworth, D.L.: Air pollution and lichens. Athlone Press of the University of London, London (1973)Gabriele, B., Callegaretti, S.: Calidad del Aire. Bioacumulo de metales pesados en muestras liquénicas (Pseudevernia furfuracea) trasplantadas. The Patern (2005)Garty, J.: Biomonitoring atmospheric heavy metals with lichens: theory and application. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 20(4), 309–371 (2001)Garty, J., Galun, M., Hochberg, Y.: The accumulation of metals in Caloplaca aurantia growing on concrete roof tiles. Lichenologist 18, 257–263 (1986)Garty, J., Fuchs, C., Zisapel, N., Galun, M.: Heavy metals in the lichen Caloplaca aurantia from urban, suburban and rural regions in Israel (a comparative study). Water Air Soil Pollut. 8, 171–188 (1977)Ghirardi, R., Fosco, M.E., Gervasio, S.G., Imbert, D., Enrique, C., Pacheco, C.G.: Líquenes y claveles del aire como bioindicadores de contaminación atmosférica por metales pesados en el microcentro santafesino. Fabicib 14, 165–173 (2010)Gordon, C.A., Herrera, R., Hutchinson, T.C.: The use of a common epiphytic lichen as a bioindicator of atmospheric inputs to two Venezuelan cloud forests. J. Trop. Ecol. 11, 1–26 (1996)Grossi, G.M., Esbert, R.M., Diaz-Pache, F., Alonso, F.J.: Soiling of building stones in urban environments. Build. Environ. 38, 147–159 (2003)Hale, M.E.J.R., Lawrey, J.: D.: Annual rate of lead accumulation in the lichen Pseudoparmelia baltimorensis. Bryologist 88, 5–7 (1985)Hawksworth, D.L., MCManus, P.M.: Lichen recolonization in London under conditions of rapidly falling sulphur dioxide and the concept of zone skipping. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 100, 99 (1989)Hawksworth, D.L.: In: Woodwell, G.M. (ed.) The earth in transition: patterns and processes of biotic impoverishment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1990)Hawksworth, D.L., Iturriaga, T., Crespo, A.: Rev. Líquenes como bioindicadores inmediatos de contaminación y cambios medio-ambientales en los trópicos. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 22, 71–82 (2005)ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns. Ateliers 30, Champigny/Marne, France V. Vergès-Belmin (eds). (2008)Kircher, G., Daillant, Q.: The potential of lichens as long term bioindicators of natural and artificial radionuclides. Environ. Pollut. 120, 145–150 (2002)Kularatne, K.I.A., de Freitas, C.R.: Epiphytic lichens as biomonitors of airborne heavy metal pollution. Environ. Exp. Bot. 88, 24–32 (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.02.010Lawrey, J.D.: Lichens as monitors of pollutant elements at permanent sites in Maryland and Virginia. Bryologist 96, 339–341 (1993)Leone, N., Courbon, D., Ducimetiere, P., Zureik, M.: Zinc, copper, and magnesium and risks for all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality. Epidemiology 17(3), 308–314 (2006)Loppi, S., Pacioni, G., Olivieri, N., Digiacomo, F.: Accumulation of trace-metals in the lichen evernia-prunastri transplanted at biomonitoring sites in central Italy. Bryologist 101(3), 451–454 (1998)Mangiafico, R., Pitruzzello, P.: Biomonitoraggio della qualità dell’aria nell’area comunale di augusta tramite licheni come bioaccumulatori. Not. Soc. Lich. Ital. 15, 49–50 (2002)Miani, N., Skert, N., Grahonja, R.: Atlante dei licheni epifiti piu’ comuni rinvenuti in studi di biomonitaraggio ambientale nella provincia di Trieste. ARPA FVG Dipartimento di Trieste (eds). Provincia diTrieste, Italy (2006)Monaci, F., Bargagli, R., Gasparo, D.: Air pollution monitoring by lichens in a small medieval town of central Italy. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 46, 403–412 (1997)Nieboer, E., Richardson, D.H.S., Tomassini, F.D.: Mineral uptake and release by lichens: an overview. Bryologist 81(2), 226–246 (1978)Nimis, P.L., Scheidegger, C., Wolseley, P.: Monitoring with lichens-monitoring lichens. NATO Science Series IV, Earth and Environmental Science vol 7. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2002)Nimis, P.L., Castello, M., Perotti, M.: Lichens as biomonitors of sulphur di oxide pollution in La Spezia (north Italy). Lichenologist 22, 333–344 (1990)Nylander, W.: Les lichens du Jardin du Luxembourg. Bull. Soc. Bot. 13, 364–372 (1866)Palmieri, F., Neri, R., Benco, C., Serracca, L.: Lichens and moss as bioindicators and bioaccumulators in air pollution monitoring. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 16, 175–190 (1997)Purvis, O.W.: Interactions of lichens with metals. Sci. Prog. 79, 283–309 (1996)Quijada H., Ph.: Implementación de líquenes como biomonitores de contaminación por metales pesados (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni), en la ciudad de Caracas, Venezuela. Caracas, Venezuela (2006)Riccardi, N., Leone, A., Barbati, S., Aprile, G.G., Menna. A.: Risultati preliminari di un programma di monitoraggio in un sito ad alto rischio (Comune di Acerra - Napoli). Not. Soc. Lich. Ital. Poster. (2001)Richardson, D.H.S.: Pollution monitoring with lichens. Richmond Publishing, Slough (1992)Rodríguez-Navarro, C., Sebastian, E.: Sci. Total Environ. 187, 79 (1996)Rossbach, M., Jayasekera, R., Kniewald, G., Thang-Nguyen, H.: Large scale air monitoring: lichen vs. air particulate matter analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 232(1–2), 59–66 (1999)Rossbach, M., Lambrecht, S.: Lichens as biomonitors: global, regional and local aspects. Croat. Chem. Acta 79(1), 119–124 (2006)Seaward, M.R.D.: Performance of Lecanora muralis in an urban environment. In: Brown, D.H., Hawksworth, D.L., Bailey, R.H. (eds.) Lichenology: progress and problems. Academic, London (1976)Showman, R.E.: Lichen recolonization in the Upper Ohio River Valley. Bryologist 93(4), 427–428 (1990)Stork, N.E., Sanways, M.J.: Inventoring and monitoring of biodiversity. In: Heywood, V.H. (ed.) Global biodiversity assessment, pp. 453–543. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1995)Temina, M.: Growth of lichens on limestone outcrops in northern Estonia. IAL 3 – Proceedings. Sauteria, 173–180 (1998)Tingey, D.T.: Bioindicators in air pollution research—applications and constraints. In: Biological markers of air pollution stress and damage in forests. National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (1989)Valencia’s city council traffic information: Plano de Intensidades de trafico días laborables 2012 Ayuntamiento de Valencia. Servei de transports i curculació, Valencia, Spain (2012) http://www.valencia.es/ayuntamiento/trafico.nsf/ . Accessed August 2013Warscheid, T., Braams, J.: Biodeterioration of stone: a review. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 46, 343–368 (2000)Winkler, M.E.: Stone in architecture, properties, durability, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin (1997)World Health Organization. Air quality guidelines (2nd Ed). Denmark (2001)Zschau, T., Getty, S., Gries, C., Ameron, Y., Zambrano, A., Nash, T.H.: Historical and current atmospheric deposition to the epilithic lichen Xanthoparmelia in Maricopa County, Arizona. Environ. Pollut. 125, 21–30 (2003

Noise reduction and spatial resolution in CT imaging with the ASIR iterative reconstruction algorithm at different doses and contrasts – a phantom study

Aims and objectives The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess noise reduction and spatial resolution in computed tomography (CT) imaging with the ASIR (Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction, GE Healthcare) reconstruction algorithm at different kVp, mAs and contrasts. Methods and materials Acquisitions of the Catphan-504 phantom were performed on a PET/CT scanner (Discovery-710, GE Healthcare). CT images were reconstructed using both filtered back projection (FBP) and ASIR with different percentages of reconstruction (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%). The image noise was estimated for different values of scanning parameters (i.e. tube-load, kilovoltage, pitch, slice thickness). Then, 3D/2D/1D noise power spectrum was estimated. Also, spatial resolution was assessed by obtaining the modulation transfer function (MTF) for a wide range of scanning parameters values and different contrast objects by the circular Edge Spread Function method (using CTP404 modulus) and the Point Spread Function method (using CTP528 modulus). . Results Image noise decreased (up to 50% as compared to FBP) with increasing the percentage of ASIR reconstruction (behaviour more relevant for higher spatial frequencies). Only for low tube load (<56 mAs) and low contrast objects (polistirene with respect to PMMA) acquisitions, MTF analysis showed that ASIR-reconstructed images were characterized by an appreciable reduction in spatial resolution, when compared to FBP-reconstructed images. Conclusion When compared to FBP, ASIR allows a relevant noise reduction without appreciably affecting image quality, except for very low dose and contrast acquisitions

Provenance of white marbles from the Roman City of tauriana (Palmi, Reggio Calabria, Italy)

The work shows the results of an archaeometric study performed on fourteen white marble samples from the Roman city of Tauriana (Palmi, Reggio Calabria, Italy), belonging to different architectural elements of the Municipal Museum Complex and artifacts reused in the modern town. Samples were studied by optical microscopy (OM), x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) of13C and18O with the aim to identify their provenance. The comparison between the collected data and the historical ones, concerning the ancient quarries of white marble of the Mediterranean area, allowed us to prove that most of the marbles used in the city of Tauriana were from the Apuan Alps Basin (Carrara) and, in few cases, from Minor Asia (Proconnesos, Aphrodisias, Docimium) and Greek (Thasos and Pentelic) quarries

Study of The Corrosion Processes On Roman And Byzantine Glasses From Northern Tunisia

The present investigation focuses on some glass objects among those discovered in an area around the ancient city of Thugga in northern Tunisia, particularly flourishing during the Roman and Byzantine periods (1). The Late Roman-Byzantine time is not characterised by elaborate vessel shapes derived from precious metal prototypes, but rather by simpler multifunctional forms, as beakers, goblets, and dishes with similar features in the whole Mediterranean world. Also the glass composition seems to change between the 4th and the 5th century, turning to a yellowish-green or olive green colouration of the glass instead of the typical Roman blue-greenish colouration of earlier times. This new glass colouration varies further drastically in the 7th century, when a characteristic light blue-turquoise glass becomes the most widespread. A complete chemical characterization of these objects was carried out in a previous study (2) aimed to investigate the production technology including the chromophores responsible for the different shades. In the present work we have investigated the degradation and corrosion processes affecting some of these shards. It is worth to note that to ascertain the composition of the glass surfaces the analyses have been carried out by means of non-destructive techniques such as XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), SEM-EDX (scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis) and laser-ablation ICP-MS ((Inductively Coupled Plasma \u2013 Mass Spectrometry)

Towards Complex Tissues Replication: Multilayer Scaffold Integrating Biomimetic Nanohydroxyapatite/Chitosan Composites

This study explores an approach to design and prepare a multilayer scaffold mimicking interstratified natural tissue. This multilayer construct, composed of chitosan matrices with graded nanohydroxyapatite concentrations, was achieved through an in situ biomineralization process applied to individual layers. Three distinct precursor concentrations were considered, resulting in 10, 20, and 30 wt% nanohydroxyapatite content in each layer. The resulting chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite (Cs/n-HAp) scaffolds, created via freeze-drying, exhibited nanohydroxyapatite nucleation, homogeneous distribution, improved mechanical properties, and good cytocompatibility. The cytocompatibility analysis revealed that the Cs/n-HAp layers presented cell proliferation similar to the control in pure Cs for the samples with 10% n-HAp, indicating good cytocompatibility at this concentration, while no induction of apoptotic death pathways was demonstrated up to a 20 wt% n-Hap concentration. Successful multilayer assembly of Cs and Cs/n-HAp layers highlighted that the proposed approach represents a promising strategy for mimicking multifaceted tissues, such as osteochondral ones