Reflexiones en torno a la responsabilidad de las plataformas electrónicas de economía colaborativa

This paper analyses the liability of the on line platforms that operate in the collaborative economy. This is a complex subject, given that the (different) contractual position(s) that can be held by the platforms have a major impact upon their liability regime. Such liability rules differ according to whether the platform is labeled as being an intermediary, or whether it is considered to be the provider of the underlying service. Thus, the regime of the sharing economy platform is examined as that of an "intermediary provider". Electronic platforms, as on line intermediaries, are subject to contractual liability, although some exclusions are applicable. This paper also studies situations where goods and provision and services are taken as produced by the platform, with is consequences in the realm of liability. Finally, the paper refers to lege ferenda proposals to implement an improved liability regime for collaborative platforms.Este trabajo estudia la cuestión, ciertamente problemática, de la responsabilidad de las plataformas de la economía colaborativa. No es ésta una cuestión sencilla, habida cuenta que al analizar esta responsabilidad es preciso conocer la posición que ocupa la plataforma, toda vez que las normas que, al respecto, se aplican difieren según se considere a la plataforma un intermediario o bien el prestador del servicio subyacente. Se examina la responsabilidad de la plataforma colaborativa como “prestador intermediario”. Como plataformas de mediación electrónica quedan sujetas a responsabilidad contractual, si bien se les aplican determinadas exclusiones de responsabilidad. Asimismo se analiza el supuesto de producción de bienes y prestación de servicios por la plataforma y la correspondiente responsabilidad.Finalmente, se alude a propuestas de lege ferenda que pudieran implementar un adecuado régimen de responsabilidad de las plataformas colaborativas

La empresa familiar y su organización en forma de sociedad mercantil, con especial referencia a la sociedad de responsabilidad limitada

En este trabajo, tras unas consideraciones generales sobre la Empresa Familiar, analizamos, en primer lugar, los tipos sociales mercantiles que puede adoptar en España la Sociedad Familiar, haciendo un repaso de las formas sociales típicas reconocidas por el legislador, reflexionando sobre sus ventajas e inconvenientes. En segundo lugar, nos centramos en el estudio del régimen jurídico de las dos Sociedades Capitalistas más representativas, la Sociedad Anónima y la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada, analizando sus rasgos comunes, todo ello con el fin de dilucidar cuál se adapta mejor a las particularidades de la Sociedad Familiar. En tercer lugar, considerando que la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada es la forma jurídica de creación de Sociedades Familiares más utilizada, se le dedica especial atención, destacando las divergencias fundamentales de regulación entre esta sociedad y la Sociedad Anónima. Asimismo se estudia la Sociedad Limitada Nueva Empresa, como subtipo de la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada. Como conclusión, se trata de arrojar luz sobre la elección preferente de la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada como forma jurídica de constitución de la Sociedad Familiar y, al mismo tiempo, de examinar, desde una perspectiva crítica, la normativa que le resulta aplicabl

Equilibrio de género en la pequeña empresa familiar : el papel del protocolo

Los (relativos) avances a favor de la paridad de géneros en las empresas cotizadas que se están articulando, en buena medida, como consecuencia de las recomendaciones de soft law y guías de buenas prácticas, no parecen haber influido de igual forma entre las empresas familiares, y -lo que es peor- han calado menos entre las de reducidas dimensiones. En este trabajo se repasa el estado de la cuestión sobre la materia y se proponen vías para la incorporación de recomendaciones y pactos familiares que contribuyan a configurar un perfil de empresa familiar adaptada al siglo XXI, también en términos de igualdad de género

Reflexiones sobre el Real Decreto español 171/2007, de 9 de febrero, por el que se regula la publicidad de los protocolos familiares en las sociedades familiares

El objeto de este trabajo es analizar el Protocolo Familiar, estudiando su concepto, naturaleza jurídica y eficacia, su contenido, publicidad y desarrollo. El protocolo familiar es un instrumento jurídico que pretende organizar la relación entre la familia y la empresa, separando ambas realidades y, especialmente, trata de planificar adecuadamente la sucesión de la empresa familiar. Se trata de reflexionar sobre el Real Decreto español 171/2007, de 9 de febrero, por el que se regula la publicidad de los protocolos familiares en las Sociedades Familiare

Discriminación de género en el acceso a bienes y servicios en el tráfico mercantil entre privados

La Directiva 2004/113/CE, y la Ley Orgánica 3/2007 que la traspone representan un avance en el Derecho antidiscriminatorio por razón de género y en concreto al suministro de bienes y servicios. En este trabajo nos centramos en el acceso a los ofertados desde el sector privado de la economía. Apuntamos a la deficiente incorporación en España de algunas disposiciones de la Directiva; a la necesidad de superar el recurso a la nulidad como principal solución de controversias; así como a la conveniencia de que la regulación antidiscriminatoria de derecho privado reciba un tratamiento legislativo transversal, para así hacer eficaz el derecho a la igualdad y el propio derecho del mercado en áreas tan relevantes como la competencia deslea

La calificación del concurso tras la reforma introducida en la ley concursal por la ley 38/2011

El objeto de este trabajo es analizar la calificación del concurso, tema éste de gran importancia dentro de la institución del concurso de acreedores. La calificación del concurso se regula en España en la Ley Concursal 22/2003, de 9 de julio, que ha sido modificada últimamente por la Ley 38/2011, de 10 de octubre. Se trata de reflexionar sobre esta normativa, destacando los aspectos más novedosos y significativos introducidos por esta Ley en la calificación del concurs

Risk of breast cancer and residential proximity to industrial installations: New findings from a multicase-control study (MCC-Spain)

Breast cancer is the most frequent tumor in women worldwide, although well-established risk factors account for 53%-55% of cases. Therefore, other risk factors, including environmental exposures, may explain the remaining variation. Our objective was to assess the relationship between risk of breast cancer and residential proximity to industries, according to categories of industrial groups and specific pollutants released, in the context of a population-based multicase-control study of incident cancer carried out in Spain (MCC-Spain). Using the current residence of cases and controls, this study was restricted to small administrative divisions, including both breast cancer cases (452) and controls (1511) in the 10 geographical areas recruiting breast cancer cases. Distances were calculated from the respective woman's residences to the 116 industries located in the study area. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for categories of distance (between 1 km and 3 km) to industrial plants, adjusting for matching variables and other confounders. Excess risk (OR; 95%CI) of breast cancer was found near industries overall (1.30; 1.00-1.69 at 3 km), particularly organic chemical industry (2.12; 1.20-3.76 at 2.5 km), food/beverage sector (1.87; 1.26-2.78 at 3 km), ceramic (4.71; 1.62-13.66 at 1.5 km), surface treatment with organic solvents (2.00; 1.23-3.24 at 3 km), and surface treatment of plastic and metals (1.51; 1.06-2.14 at 3 km). By pollutants, the excess risk (OR; 95%CI) was detected near industries releasing pesticides (2.09; 1.14-3.82 at 2 km), and dichloromethane (2.09; 1.28-3.40 at 3 km). Our results suggest a possible increased risk of breast cancer in women living near specific industrial plants and support the need for more detailed exposure assessment of certain agents released by these plants.The authors thank all those who took part in this study providing questionnaire data. The study was partially funded by the “Acción Transversal del Cáncer", approved on the Spanish Ministry Council on the 11th October 2007, by the Scientific Foundation of the Spanish Association Against Cancer (Fundación Científica de la Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC) – EVP-1178/14), by the Spain's Health Research Fund (Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria - FIS 12/01416), by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FEDER (PI08/1770, PI08/0533, PI08/1359 PS09/01286-León, PS09/00773-Cantabria, PS09/02078-Huelva, PS09/01903-Valencia, PS09/01662-Granada, PI11/01403, PI11/01889-FEDER, PI11/00226, PI11/01810, PI11/02213, PI12/00488, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI12/00150, PI14/01219, PI14/00613, PI15/00069, PI15/00914, PI15/01032), by the ICGC International Cancer Genome Consortium CLL (The ICGC CLL-Genome Project is funded by Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) through the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and Red Temática de Investigación del Cáncer (RTICC) del ISCIII (RD12/0036/0036)), by the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla (API 10/09), by the Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía (PI-0571-2009, PI-0306-2011, salud201200057018tra), by the Junta de Castilla y León (LE22A10-2), by the Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana (AP_061/10), by the Regional Government of the Basque Country, by the Recercaixa (2010ACUP 00310), by the European Commission grants FOOD-CT-2006-036224-HIWATE, by the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation, by the Catalan Government DURSI grant 2017SGR723, by the University of Oviedo, and by the Fundación Caja de Ahorros de Asturias. ISGlobal is a member of the CERCA Program, Generalitat de Catalunya.S

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline

Reflexiones sobre el anteproyecto de ley de contrato de seguro y la designación del beneficiario en el seguro sobre la vida

En este trabajo se analiza el Anteproyecto de Ley español de Contrato de Seguro, de 8 de abril de 2011, centrándonos en las novedades más significativas que contiene, en el ámbito de los Seguros de las personas, en el seguro sobre la vida y, de un modo más específico, respecto al beneficiario.This paper analyzes the Spanish Draft Law on Insurance Contracts (Anteproyecto de Ley de Contrato de Seguro), dated April 8, 2011, focusing on the most significant developments that contains, in the field of insurance of persons, in life insurance, and in a more specific regard to the insurance beneficiary