120 research outputs found

    Erosion de contact entre un filtre granulaire et divers sols fins en présence d'un écoulement d'eau parallÚle à l'interface

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    L'Ă©rosion de contact est un des risques majeurs d'Ă©rosion interne dans les digues. En prĂ©sence d'un Ă©coulement parallĂšle Ă  l'interface, les particules de la couche de matĂ©riau fin sont Ă©rodĂ©es, puis transportĂ©es Ă  travers les pores du matĂ©riau grossier. Une expĂ©rimentation spĂ©cifique a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour comprendre les mĂ©canismes gouvernant le dĂ©tachement et le transport des particules. Le seuil et l’évolution de l’érosion sont analysĂ©s en investiguant l’influence de diffĂ©rents paramĂštres

    Modélisation de la variabilité des indicateurs dans le cadre des administrations de services publics

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    National audienceAdministrations of public services such as water distributors call upon software publishers to implement their business processes and key performance indicators (KPI) required by decision makers and regulation entities. However, in the same business, a process can have several variants and, in this context, the KPI definition and calculation are complexified, having to recalculate an existing KPI, creating a new one or even the impossibility of providing it. This paper proposes elements allowing to define and calculate KPI by considering different reference process' variants.Les administrations de services publics comme les distributeurs d'eau font appel Ă  des Ă©diteurs logiciels pour implĂ©menter leurs processus mĂ©tier et calculer des indicateurs exigĂ©s par dĂ©cideurs et les autoritĂ©s de rĂ©gulation. Cependant, dans un mĂȘme mĂ©tier, un processus peut avoir plusieurs variantes et dans ce cadre, le calcul et la dĂ©finition des indicateurs de performance deviennent complexes pouvant prendre la forme du recalcul d'un indicateur existant, de la crĂ©ation d'un nouvel indicateur, voire mĂȘme de l'impossibilitĂ© de le calculer. Cet article propose des Ă©lĂ©ments permettant de faciliter la dĂ©finition et le calcul d'indicateurs clĂ©s de performance, prenant en compte diffĂ©rentes variantes d'un processus

    Financial and relational impact of having a boy with posterior urethral valves

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    IntroductionChildhood chronic diseases affect family functioning and well-being. The aim of this study was to measure the impact of caring for a child with PUV, and the factors that most impact the burden of care.Patients and methodWe gave a questionnaire on the familial impact of having a child with posterior urethral valves to all parents of a child included in the CIRCUP trial from 2015 onwards. The questionnaire included questions about the parents' demographics, health, professional, financial and marital status and how these evolved since the child's birth as well as the “impact on family scale” (IOFS), which gives a total score ranging from 15 (no impact) to 60 (maximum impact). We then analyzed both the results of the specific demographic questions as well as the factors which influenced the IOFS score.ResultsWe retrieved answers for 38/51 families (74.5% response rate). The average IOFS score was 23.7 (15–51). We observed that the child's creatinine level had an effect on the IOFS score (p = 0.02), as did the parent's gender (p = 0.008), health status (p = 0.015), being limited in activity since the birth of the child (p = 0.020), being penalized in one's job (p = 0.009), being supported in one's job (p = 0.002), and decreased income (p = 0.004). Out of 38 mother/father binomials, 8/33 (24.2%) declared that they were no longer in the same relationship afterwards.ConclusionIn conclusion, having a boy with PUV significantly impacts families. The risk of parental separation and decrease in revenue is significant. Strategies aiming to decrease these factors should be put in place as soon as possible

    Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

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    RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≄60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

    COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

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    Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≀ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≄ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P &lt; 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

    New nanocrystalline diamond multilayer coatings on WC-Co substrate : a study of interfacial microstructural phenomena during the CVD process

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    Du fait de leurs excellentes propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques et de leurs faibles masses spĂ©cifiques, l'utilisation des matĂ©riaux composites, au sein des structures mĂ©caniques, est en plein essor. Cependant, leur usinage entraine une usure prĂ©maturĂ©e et alĂ©atoire des outils de coupes en cermet WC-Co. L'origine de cette Ă©tude provient de la nĂ©cessitĂ© de protĂ©ger leur surface par un revĂȘtement dur et rĂ©sistant comme, par exemple, le diamant NCD. Toutefois, le cobalt prĂ©sent dans le carbure cĂ©mentĂ© favorise la formation de graphite au niveau de l'interface avec le film de diamant, ce qui nuit Ă  son adhĂ©rence. La mĂ©thode retenue afin d'isoler ce mĂ©tal de la surface a Ă©tĂ© de rĂ©aliser des systĂšmes interfaciaux multicouches. Ces derniers sont composĂ©s d'une barriĂšre de diffusion au cobalt en nitrure de tantale et/ou en nitrure de zirconium et d'une couche favorisant la germination du diamant en acier inoxydable ou en molybdĂšne. Les protocoles de dĂ©pĂŽt Ă©laborĂ©s au cours de ce travail ont la particularitĂ© d'utiliser une polarisation nĂ©gative et sĂ©quencĂ©e du substrat durant l'Ă©tape de croissance. Cela induit une morphologie originale au revĂȘtement de diamant brevetĂ© sous le nom de PyrNCD (Brevet N° :FR0807181). Les objectifs de cette Ă©tude sont la comprĂ©hension de l'ensemble des mĂ©canismes (influence de la solubilitĂ© du carbone sur la germination du diamant, l'effet de la polarisation sur le substrat revĂȘtu et sur la croissance du diamant,...) intervenant durant le dĂ©pĂŽt de diamant et l'optimisation du procĂ©dĂ©.The combination of good mechanical properties and low specific mass ensures the increasing use of composite materials to reduce the weight of mechanical structures. However, their machining induces premature and random wear of WC-Co cermet cutting-tools. The origin of this study comes from the necessity to protect cutting-tools surfaces by hard and resistant coatings like NCD diamond. Unfortunately, the cobalt found in these cemented carbides catalyses graphite formation at the interface with the diamond layer and harms the grip of the diamond film. The method used to isolate this metal from the surface has been to form interfacial multilayer systems. These are composed of a tantalum nitride and/or zirconium nitride diffusion barrier for cobalt and a layer promoting the diamond nucleation in molybdenum or stainless steel. The deposit protocols developed during this PhD work have the particularity of using a negative and sequenced substrate bias during the growth stage. This leads to an original morphology of the diamond coating which is patented under the name PyrNCD (International Patent N°: WO/2010/076423). The goal of this study is to understand all the mechanisms (like the impact of the carbon solubility on the diamond nucleation, the effects of negative bias on the coated substrate and the diamond growth,...) occurring during diamond deposition and process optimization

    Nouveaux revĂȘtements multicouches diamantĂ©s nanograins sur cermets WC-Co : Ă©tude des phĂ©nomĂšnes microstructuraux intervenant aux interfaces lors de l'Ă©laboration

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    The combination of good mechanical properties and low specific mass ensures the increasing use of composite materials to reduce the weight of mechanical structures. However, their machining induces premature and random wear of WC-Co cermet cutting-tools. The origin of this study comes from the necessity to protect cutting-tools surfaces by hard and resistant coatings like NCD diamond. Unfortunately, the cobalt found in these cemented carbides catalyses graphite formation at the interface with the diamond layer and harms the grip of the diamond film. The method used to isolate this metal from the surface has been to form interfacial multilayer systems. These are composed of a tantalum nitride and/or zirconium nitride diffusion barrier for cobalt and a layer promoting the diamond nucleation in molybdenum or stainless steel. The deposit protocols developed during this PhD work have the particularity of using a negative and sequenced substrate bias during the growth stage. This leads to an original morphology of the diamond coating which is patented under the name PyrNCD (International Patent N°: WO/2010/076423). The goal of this study is to understand all the mechanisms (like the impact of the carbon solubility on the diamond nucleation, the effects of negative bias on the coated substrate and the diamond growth,...) occurring during diamond deposition and process optimization.Du fait de leurs excellentes propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques et de leurs faibles masses spĂ©cifiques, l'utilisation des matĂ©riaux composites, au sein des structures mĂ©caniques, est en plein essor. Cependant, leur usinage entraine une usure prĂ©maturĂ©e et alĂ©atoire des outils de coupes en cermet WC-Co. L'origine de cette Ă©tude provient de la nĂ©cessitĂ© de protĂ©ger leur surface par un revĂȘtement dur et rĂ©sistant comme, par exemple, le diamant NCD. Toutefois, le cobalt prĂ©sent dans le carbure cĂ©mentĂ© favorise la formation de graphite au niveau de l'interface avec le film de diamant, ce qui nuit Ă  son adhĂ©rence. La mĂ©thode retenue afin d'isoler ce mĂ©tal de la surface a Ă©tĂ© de rĂ©aliser des systĂšmes interfaciaux multicouches. Ces derniers sont composĂ©s d'une barriĂšre de diffusion au cobalt en nitrure de tantale et/ou en nitrure de zirconium et d'une couche favorisant la germination du diamant en acier inoxydable ou en molybdĂšne. Les protocoles de dĂ©pĂŽt Ă©laborĂ©s au cours de ce travail ont la particularitĂ© d'utiliser une polarisation nĂ©gative et sĂ©quencĂ©e du substrat durant l'Ă©tape de croissance. Cela induit une morphologie originale au revĂȘtement de diamant brevetĂ© sous le nom de PyrNCD (Brevet N° :FR0807181). Les objectifs de cette Ă©tude sont la comprĂ©hension de l'ensemble des mĂ©canismes (influence de la solubilitĂ© du carbone sur la germination du diamant, l'effet de la polarisation sur le substrat revĂȘtu et sur la croissance du diamant,...) intervenant durant le dĂ©pĂŽt de diamant et l'optimisation du procĂ©dĂ©

    Simulation temps-réel de modÚles physiques pour la validation par hardware-in-the-loop

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    La validation des systĂšmes MĂ©catroniques tels que la supervision d'une chaĂźnede traction hybride utilise de plus en plus la simulation Hardware-in-the-Loop. Cela consiste Ă  interconnecter des composants rĂ©els du systĂšme et des composantssimulĂ©s. On parle alors de simulation temps rĂ©el car les composants simulĂ©s doivent avoir le mĂȘme comportement temporel que les rĂ©els. En d'autres termes, la simulation temps rĂ©el d'un modĂšle nĂ©cessite le maillage de l'Ă©volution du temps simulĂ© sur celle du temps rĂ©el. Sur les outils existants, l'intĂ©gration de modĂšles physiques reprĂ©sentatifs se heurte Ă  des modĂšles de calculs et des contraintes temporelles pessimistes. Cette thĂšse propose des solutions, analytiques ou tirĂ©es d'expĂ©rimentations au sein d'IFP Energies nouvelles, pour l'implantation adĂ©quate de la simulation temps rĂ©el de modĂšles physiques. Des mĂ©triques ont Ă©tĂ© introduites pourqualifier et quantifier la validitĂ© d'une simulation temps rĂ©el. Une dĂ©finition des contraintes temporelles propres Ă  la simulation temps rĂ©el a Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©e, accompagnĂ©e des rĂšgles rĂ©gissant leur propagation aux calculs sous-jacents. Ces mĂ©thodes ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© dĂ©clinĂ©es en Ă©tude d'ordonnançabilitĂ© pour deux systĂšmes au comportement pseudo pĂ©riodique : un simulateur de moteur Ă  combustion et un contrĂŽle moteur. Des expĂ©rimentations sur la simulation temps rĂ©el distribuĂ©e d'un moteur, intĂ©grant des modĂšles phĂ©nomĂ©nologiques de combustion, ont permis de justifier et de validerles mĂ©thodes proposĂ©es. Les dĂ©gradations dues Ă  la simulation distribuĂ©e ont Ă©tĂ© corrigĂ©es par un mĂ©canisme d'extrapolation paramĂ©trable dont le coĂ»t d'exĂ©cution a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©Validation of Mechatronics systems such as hybrid automotive powertrains isincreasingly relying on Harware-in-the-Loop simulation. It consists in interconnecting real components to the real-time simulation of physical models, involving their timely behavior to match their real counterpart. In other words, the evolution of simulated and real time have to be meshed together. Involving representative physical models is currently hindered by both pessimistic models of computation and temporal constraints.This thesis proposes several analytical and experimental answers, carried out at IFP Energies nouvelles, toward the proper implantation of real-time simulation of physical models. Several metrics able to qualify and quantify the success of real-time simulation were proposed, as well as the definition of its dedicated timed constraints, along with the rules for their propagation toward the underlying computations involved.Then, we showed how to take advantage of the pseudo periodic behavior of two systems to reach better schedulability bounds for the real-time simulation of : a combustion engine and an engine control. The methods discussed were then accounted for and validated by several experiments, involving the distributed real-time simulation of an engine including phenomenological combustion models. Also, the perturbations induced by the distributed simulation were addressed by proposing a configurable extrapolation mechanism, taking into account its execution tim

    New nanocrystalline diamond multilayer coatings on WC-Co substrate : a study of interfacial microstructural phenomena during the CVD process

    No full text
    Du fait de leurs excellentes propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques et de leurs faibles masses spĂ©cifiques, l’utilisation des matĂ©riaux composites, au sein des structures mĂ©caniques, est en plein essor. Cependant, leur usinage entraine une usure prĂ©maturĂ©e et alĂ©atoire des outils de coupes en cermet WC-Co. L’origine de cette Ă©tude provient de la nĂ©cessitĂ© de protĂ©ger leur surface par un revĂȘtement dur et rĂ©sistant comme, par exemple, le diamant NCD. Toutefois, le cobalt prĂ©sent dans le carbure cĂ©mentĂ© favorise la formation de graphite au niveau de l’interface avec le film de diamant, ce qui nuit Ă  son adhĂ©rence. La mĂ©thode retenue afin d’isoler ce mĂ©tal de la surface a Ă©tĂ© de rĂ©aliser des systĂšmes interfaciaux multicouches. Ces derniers sont composĂ©s d’une barriĂšre de diffusion au cobalt en nitrure de tantale et/ou en nitrure de zirconium et d’une couche favorisant la germination du diamant en acier inoxydable ou en molybdĂšne. Les protocoles de dĂ©pĂŽt Ă©laborĂ©s au cours de ce travail ont la particularitĂ© d’utiliser une polarisation nĂ©gative et sĂ©quencĂ©e du substrat durant l’étape de croissance. Cela induit une morphologie originale au revĂȘtement de diamant brevetĂ© sous le nom de PyrNCD (Brevet N° :FR0807181). Les objectifs de cette Ă©tude sont la comprĂ©hension de l’ensemble des mĂ©canismes (influence de la solubilitĂ© du carbone sur la germination du diamant, l’effet de la polarisation sur le substrat revĂȘtu et sur la croissance du diamant,
) intervenant durant le dĂ©pĂŽt de diamant et l’optimisation du procĂ©dĂ©.The combination of good mechanical properties and low specific mass ensures the increasing use of composite materials to reduce the weight of mechanical structures. However, their machining induces premature and random wear of WC-Co cermet cutting-tools. The origin of this study comes from the necessity to protect cutting-tools surfaces by hard and resistant coatings like NCD diamond. Unfortunately, the cobalt found in these cemented carbides catalyses graphite formation at the interface with the diamond layer and harms the grip of the diamond film. The method used to isolate this metal from the surface has been to form interfacial multilayer systems. These are composed of a tantalum nitride and/or zirconium nitride diffusion barrier for cobalt and a layer promoting the diamond nucleation in molybdenum or stainless steel. The deposit protocols developed during this PhD work have the particularity of using a negative and sequenced substrate bias during the growth stage. This leads to an original morphology of the diamond coating which is patented under the name PyrNCD (International Patent N°: WO/2010/076423). The goal of this study is to understand all the mechanisms (like the impact of the carbon solubility on the diamond nucleation, the effects of negative bias on the coated substrate and the diamond growth,...) occurring during diamond deposition and process optimization

    New nanocrystalline diamond multilayer coatings on WC-Co substrate : a study of interfacial microstructural phenomena during the CVD process

    No full text
    Du fait de leurs excellentes propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques et de leurs faibles masses spĂ©cifiques, l’utilisation des matĂ©riaux composites, au sein des structures mĂ©caniques, est en plein essor. Cependant, leur usinage entraine une usure prĂ©maturĂ©e et alĂ©atoire des outils de coupes en cermet WC-Co. L’origine de cette Ă©tude provient de la nĂ©cessitĂ© de protĂ©ger leur surface par un revĂȘtement dur et rĂ©sistant comme, par exemple, le diamant NCD. Toutefois, le cobalt prĂ©sent dans le carbure cĂ©mentĂ© favorise la formation de graphite au niveau de l’interface avec le film de diamant, ce qui nuit Ă  son adhĂ©rence. La mĂ©thode retenue afin d’isoler ce mĂ©tal de la surface a Ă©tĂ© de rĂ©aliser des systĂšmes interfaciaux multicouches. Ces derniers sont composĂ©s d’une barriĂšre de diffusion au cobalt en nitrure de tantale et/ou en nitrure de zirconium et d’une couche favorisant la germination du diamant en acier inoxydable ou en molybdĂšne. Les protocoles de dĂ©pĂŽt Ă©laborĂ©s au cours de ce travail ont la particularitĂ© d’utiliser une polarisation nĂ©gative et sĂ©quencĂ©e du substrat durant l’étape de croissance. Cela induit une morphologie originale au revĂȘtement de diamant brevetĂ© sous le nom de PyrNCD (Brevet N° :FR0807181). Les objectifs de cette Ă©tude sont la comprĂ©hension de l’ensemble des mĂ©canismes (influence de la solubilitĂ© du carbone sur la germination du diamant, l’effet de la polarisation sur le substrat revĂȘtu et sur la croissance du diamant,
) intervenant durant le dĂ©pĂŽt de diamant et l’optimisation du procĂ©dĂ©.The combination of good mechanical properties and low specific mass ensures the increasing use of composite materials to reduce the weight of mechanical structures. However, their machining induces premature and random wear of WC-Co cermet cutting-tools. The origin of this study comes from the necessity to protect cutting-tools surfaces by hard and resistant coatings like NCD diamond. Unfortunately, the cobalt found in these cemented carbides catalyses graphite formation at the interface with the diamond layer and harms the grip of the diamond film. The method used to isolate this metal from the surface has been to form interfacial multilayer systems. These are composed of a tantalum nitride and/or zirconium nitride diffusion barrier for cobalt and a layer promoting the diamond nucleation in molybdenum or stainless steel. The deposit protocols developed during this PhD work have the particularity of using a negative and sequenced substrate bias during the growth stage. This leads to an original morphology of the diamond coating which is patented under the name PyrNCD (International Patent N°: WO/2010/076423). The goal of this study is to understand all the mechanisms (like the impact of the carbon solubility on the diamond nucleation, the effects of negative bias on the coated substrate and the diamond growth,...) occurring during diamond deposition and process optimization
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