A new tool to assess Clinical Diversity In Meta‐analyses (CDIM) of interventions

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate Clinical Diversity In Meta-analyses (CDIM), a new tool for assessing clinical diversity between trials in meta-analyses of interventions.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: The development of CDIM was based on consensus work informed by empirical literature and expertise. We drafted the CDIM tool, refined it, and validated CDIM for interrater scale reliability and agreement in three groups.RESULTS: CDIM measures clinical diversity on a scale that includes four domains with 11 items overall: setting (time of conduct/country development status/units type); population (age, sex, patient inclusion criteria/baseline disease severity, comorbidities); interventions (intervention intensity/strength/duration of intervention, timing, control intervention, cointerventions); and outcome (definition of outcome, timing of outcome assessment). The CDIM is completed in two steps: first two authors independently assess clinical diversity in the four domains. Second, after agreeing upon scores of individual items a consensus score is achieved. Interrater scale reliability and agreement ranged from moderate to almost perfect depending on the type of raters.CONCLUSION: CDIM is the first tool developed for assessing clinical diversity in meta-analyses of interventions. We found CDIM to be a reliable tool for assessing clinical diversity among trials in meta-analysis.</p

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Artificial Chemistry: Computational Studies on the Emergence of Self-Reproducing Units

Acquisition of self-maintenance of cell membranes is an essential step to evolve from molecular to cellular reproduction. In this report, we present a model of artificial chemistry that simulates metabolic reactions, di#usion and repulsion of abstract chemicals in a two-dimensional space to realize the organization of proto-cell structures. It demonstrates that proto-cell structures that maintain and reproduce themselves autonomously emerge from a non-organized initial configuration. The results also suggest that a metabolic system that produces membranes can be selected in the chemical evolution of a pre-cellular stage

A new tool to assess Clinical Diversity In Meta‐analyses (CDIM) of interventions

Objective: To develop and validate Clinical Diversity In Meta-analyses (CDIM), a new tool for assessing clinical diversity between trials in meta-analyses of interventions. Study design and setting: The development of CDIM was based on consensus work informed by empirical literature and expertise. We drafted the CDIM tool, refined it, and validated CDIM for interrater scale reliability and agreement in three groups. Results: CDIM measures clinical diversity on a scale that includes four domains with 11 items overall: setting (time of conduct/country development status/units type); population (age; sex; patient inclusion criteria/baseline disease severity, comorbidities); interventions (intervention intensity/strength/duration of intervention; timing; control intervention; cointerventions);and outcome (definition of outcome; timing of outcome assessment). The CDIM is completed in two steps: first two authors independently assess clinical diversity in the four domains. Second, after agreeing upon scores of individual items a consensus score is achieved. Interrater scale reliability and agreement ranged from moderate to almost perfect depending on the type of raters. Conclusion: CDIM is the first tool developed for assessing clinical diversity in meta-analyses of interventions. We found CDIM to be a reliable tool for assessing clinical diversity among trials in meta-analysis

Current use of inotropes in circulatory shock

Background Treatment decisions on critically ill patients with circulatory shock lack consensus. In an international survey, we aimed to evaluate the indications, current practice, and therapeutic goals of inotrope therapy in the treatment of patients with circulatory shock. Methods From November 2016 to April 2017, an anonymous web-based survey on the use of cardiovascular drugs was accessible to members of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). A total of 14 questions focused on the profile of respondents, the triggering factors, first-line choice, dosing, timing, targets, additional treatment strategy, and suggested effect of inotropes. In addition, a group of 42 international ESICM experts was asked to formulate recommendations for the use of inotropes based on 11 questions. Results A total of 839 physicians from 82 countries responded. Dobutamine was the first-line inotrope in critically ill patients with acute heart failure for 84% of respondents. Two-thirds of respondents (66%) stated to use inotropes when there were persistent clinical signs of hypoperfusion or persistent hyperlactatemia despite a supposed adequate use of fluids and vasopressors, with (44%) or without (22%) the context of low left ventricular ejection fraction. Nearly half (44%) of respondents stated an adequate cardiac output as target for inotropic treatment. The experts agreed on 11 strong recommendations, all of which were based on excellent (> 90%) or good (81–90%) agreement. Recommendations include the indications for inotropes (septic and cardiogenic shock), the choice of drugs (dobutamine, not dopamine), the triggers (low cardiac output and clinical signs of hypoperfusion) and targets (adequate cardiac output) and stopping criteria (adverse effects and clinical improvement). Conclusion Inotrope use in critically ill patients is quite heterogeneous as self-reported by individual caregivers. Eleven strong recommendations on the indications, choice, triggers and targets for the use of inotropes are given by international experts. Future studies should focus on consistent indications for inotrope use and implementation into a guideline for circulatory shock that encompasses individualized targets and outcomes

Radioisotopic evaluation of bone repair after experimental surgical trauma Avaliação radiofarmacológica do reparo ósseo após trauma cirúrgico padronizado

BACKGROUND: Scientific approach of the bone reaction after surgical procedures provides valuable information on methods and techniques. The purpose of this study was to follow this process using a radioisotope marker of bone remodelling. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two bone cavities were created (one for every tibia) in adult Wistar male rats using a 0.5 mm spherical burr; left tibial cavities were filled with bovine freeze-dried bone; the right ones were left unfilled for control. Scintigrams were done with sodium methylene diphosphonate (MDP) labelled with radioactive pertechnetate (99mTcO4-) to evaluate the inflammatory response and the local osteoblastic activity. The evolution of bone repair was additionally evaluated by light microscopy. RESULTS: Our results have shown that the highest bone activity was recorded between the 7th and the 14th day after surgery. The morphological analysis confirmed the results obtained with radioisotope analysis and did not reveal significant differences regarding the evolution of bone repair between the filled and the unfilled defects. CONCLUSION: We confirmed that 99mTc -MDP is a valuable tool to study bone repair, as it was able to show subtle alterations of bone activity even in lesions as small as those created herein (0.5 mm wide, 0.5 mm deep).<br>Este trabalho objetivou estudar a evolução temporal do processo de reparo ósseo em tíbia de rato, após trauma cirúrgico padronizado. A incorporação do radiofármaco 99mTc-MDP na região afetada foi tomada como medida indireta da intensidade de reação tecidual; foi feito também acompanhamento histológico do processo de reparo. Foram realizadas cirurgias nas duas tíbias de 72 animais divididos em 2 grupos, sendo sacrificados em diferentes dias pós-operatórios (1, 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias p.o.). As cavidades criadas nas tíbias esquerdas foram preenchidas com osso liofilizado bovino, e as direitas serviram como controle (não preenchidas). Grupos paralelos de animais foram injetados com 99mTc para avaliar a influência do fluxo sangüíneo regional nos resultados. Duas horas após a injeção dos radiofármacos os animais foram sacrificados, a radiatividade foi contada tanto nos fragmentos das tíbias contendo os defeitos cirúrgicos como em fragmentos intactos de fêmur e de tíbias, como controle. Os resultados indicam que a maior atividade do tecido ósseo ocorreu entre 7 e 14 dias p.o. O emprego do radiofármaco mostrou ser de valor na avaliação do reparo dada sua sensibilidade. Não houve efeito significativo da presença de osso liofilizado sobre a evolução do reparo ósseo