First cases of exclusive paternal care in stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

We describe paternal care in two pentatomid bugs, Lopadusa (Lopadusa) augur Stål, 1860 and Edessa nigropunctata Berg, 1884. Field and laboratory observations showed that males remain with their eggs and early hatched nymphs, while females abandon the eggs after oviposition. Guarding males defensive behaviors towards their clutches were similar to those described for guarding females of pentatomids. Since there is no detailed information on the internal phylogeny of Pentatomidae, it is not possible to make a robust inference on whether paternal care in L. augur and E. nigropunctata has arisen independently or not. If the latter, the two new cases of paternal care we describe here represent the fifth event of independent evolution of this rare behavioral trait in Heteroptera.FAPESPCoordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)CNP

Insecticides Efficacy to Control the Neotropical Peanut Burrower Bug Cyrtomenus mirabilis (Perty, 1830) (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) Under Laboratory Conditions

In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of insecticides sprayed by contact as well as seeds treatment for controlling the burrower bug Cyrtomenus mirabilis (Perti, 1830) (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) under laboratory conditions. In the first experiment, the insecticides were sprayed onto the insects (direct contact). Insect mortality evaluation started 24h after insecticide application and repeated every two days up to 20 days. In the second experiment, peanut seeds were treated with insecticides. The mortality of insects was evaluated at 10, 15, and 20 days after installation. The mixture of fipronil and alpha-cypermethrin in direct contact was the most efficient treatment to control nymphs and adults of C. mirabilis. Regarding the seed treatment, fipronil was the most efficient for controlling adults of C. mirabilis while for nymphs, all insecticides were highly effective

Análise de endemismo de táxons neotropicais de Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

The definition of areas of endemism is central to studies of historical biogeography, and their interrelationships are fundamental questions. Consistent hypotheses for the evolution of Pentatomidae in the Neotropical region depend on the accuracy of the units employed in the analyses, which in the case of studies of historical biogeography, may be areas of endemism. In this study, the distribution patterns of 222 species, belonging to 14 Pentatomidae (Hemiptera) genera, predominantly neotropical, were studied with the Analysis of Endemicity (NDM) to identify possible areas of endemism and to correlate them to previously delimited areas. The search by areas of endemism was carried out using grid-cell units of 2.5° and 5° latitude-longitude. The analysis based on groupings of grid-cells of 2.5° of latitude-longitude allowed the identification of 51 areas of endemism, the consensus of these areas resulted in four clusters of grid-cells. The second analysis, with grid-cells units of 5° latitude-longitude, resulted in 109 areas of endemism. The flexible consensus employed resulted in 17 areas of endemism. The analyses were sensitive to the identification of areas of endemism in different scales in the Atlantic Forest. The Amazonian region was identified as a single area in the area of consensus, and its southeastern portion shares elements with the Chacoan and Paraná subregions. The distribution data of the taxa studied, with different units of analysis, did not allow the identification of individual areas of endemism for the Cerrado and Caatinga. The areas of endemism identified here should be seen as primary biogeographic hypotheses.A definição de áreas de endemismo é central aos estudos de Biogeografia Histórica e suas inter-relações são questões fundamentais. Hipóteses consistentes sobre a evolução de Pentatomidae (Hemiptera) na Região Neotropical dependem da acuidade das unidades empregadas nas análises, que no caso de estudos de biogeografia histórica, podem ser áreas endêmicas. Neste trabalho foram estudados os padrões de distribuição de 222 espécies, pertencentes a 14 gêneros de Pentatomidae, com ocorrência predominantemente neotropical, com base em uma Análise de Endemicidade (NDM) a fim de inferir possíveis áreas endêmicas e relacioná-las a áreas previamente delimitadas. A busca por áreas endêmicas foi realizada com quadrículas de 2,5° e 5° latitude-longitude. A análise com base em agrupamentos de 2,5° latitude-longitude permitiu identificar 51 áreas de endemismo, sendo que o consenso destas áreas resultou em quatro agrupamentos de quadrículas. A segunda análise, com quadrículas de 5° latitude-longitude, resultou em 109 áreas de endemismo. O consenso flexível empregado resultou em 17 áreas de endemismo. As análises foram sensíveis à identificação de áreas de endemismo na Mata Atlântica em diferentes escalas. A região Amazônica foi identificada como uma área única no consenso, sendo que a porção sudeste compartilha elementos com as sub-regiões do Chaco e Paraná. Os dados de distribuição dos táxons estudados, com diferentes unidades de análises, não permitiram a identificação de áreas endêmicas para o Cerrado e a Caatinga. As áreas de endemismo aqui identificadas devem ser tratadas como hipóteses biogeográficas primárias.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Laboratório de Entomologia Sistemática Departamento de ZoologiaUniversidade Federal do Paraná Departamento de Zoologia Programa de Pós-Graduação em EntomologiaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Ciências BiológicasUNIFESP, Depto. de Ciências BiológicasSciEL

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Chinavia erythrocnemis Berg

Chinavia erythrocnemis (Berg) (Figs. 4 b, 5 b, 6 a; table 3) Nezara erythrocnemis Berg 1878, 27– 28; Lethierry & Severin 1893, 165. Nezara (Acrosternum) erythrocnemis: Kirkaldy 1909, 118. Acrosternum erythrocnemis: Pennington 1920, 9; Quintanilla et al. 1981, 151; Coscarón & Grazia 2000, 23. Acrosternum (Chinavia) erythrocnemis: Rolston 1983, 108, 161; Frey-da-Silva & Grazia 2001, 112. Chinavia erythrocnemis: Matesco et al. 2006, 483– 488; Schwertner & Grazia 2007, 419, 424, 426– 427; Grazia & Schwertner 2008, 233. Diagnosis. External margins of pronotum, hemelytra and connexivum with a wide orange band. Black spots present on the anterior and posterior margins of the connexivum and on the cicatrices of the pronotum. External margins of juga with a wide red band; trochanter and tibia colored in red. Head. Margins of juga orange, with a strong concavity in front of eyes; apex of head semi-circular in shape. Antennae with the first segment red, and the other segments black. Proportion of antennal segments: IV. Rostrum surpassing the metacoxae. Tylus well-marked and outlined in black. Thorax. Humeral angles obtuse, not produced. Anterolateral margins of pronotum with a slight submarginal dorsal depression. Internal and external margins of the cicatrices of pronotum black. Basal angles of scutellum immaculate. Propleura with a black longitudinal stripe at the external margin. Membrane of hemelytra darkened. Abdomen. Abdominal spine reaching metacoxae; spiracles not colored and without a callus. Connexivum yellow, with the anterior and posterior margins black. Male genitalia (Fig. 5 b). Pygophore subtrapezoidal, with the posterolateral angles projected well beyond the ventral rim. Lateral margins of pygophore rounded. Median projection of dorsal rim straight. Flaps of pygophore ventral rim folded over the genital cup with the mesial margins straight; apex of flaps without a curved hook-like projection. Segment X dorsally convex. Parameres projected laterally, apices concolorous with the body. Female genitalia. Gonocoxites 8 and laterotergites 9 flattened. Posterior margins of gonocoxites 8 sinuous. Gonocoxite 9 strongly concave. Pars intermedialis conical, enlarged at the apex, as long as the capsula seminalis; width of capsula seminalis three times the width of pars intermedialis. Anterior annular flange shorter than the posterior and slightly curved towards the vesicular area. Posterior annular flange curved towards the pars intermedialis. Processes of capsula seminalis subequal in length, four times the length of pars intermedialis. Adult size. 11–14mm. Distribution. Argentina, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay and Uruguay. Material examined. Uruguaiana (RS—Brazil), 1995, S. Pinnent col., DZRS (3 ♀); Planalto (RS—Brazil), 1993, Fernandes JAM col., DZRS (1 ♀ 1 ♂); Est. Ecol. Taim (RS—Brazil), 1982, J. Grazia col., DZRS (1 ♀); Itapiranga (RS—Brazil), 1952, MGAP (1 ♀); Paraguay river (Paraguay), 1934, Schuzle col., NMNH (3 ♀ 2 ♂); Chapada (Brazil), 1956, Drake CJ col., NMNH (1 ♀ 1 ♂); Est. Ecol. Taim (RS—Brazil), 1981, J. Grazia col., DZRS (1 ♂); Ybycui National Park (Paraguay), 1980, Spangler col., NMNH (1 ♀); Pq. Est. Turvo (RS—Brazil), 1982, Bometto SLB col., DZRS (1 ♀); San Tomé Corrientes (Argentina), 1928, MACN (4 ♀ 2 ♂); Cascavel (PR—Brazil), 1974, Panizzi col., DZRS (1 ♂). Comments. This is the only species of the geniculata group with nymphal stages described (Matesco et al. 2006). It is very similar to C. pontagrossensis and C. rideri, being distinguished by the red femora and the unique distribution pattern in the Pampa and Chaco. ID HL HW SW SL PW PL C. cearensis ♀ 1.33 2.07 2.53 5.03 5.63 8.2 2.9 ♂ 1.1 1.9 2.37 4.8 5.16 7.53 2.83 C. erythrocnemis ♀ 1.3 ± 0.03 2.13 ± 0.05 2.42 ± 0.08 5.15 ± 0.29 5.9 ± 0.05 8.5 ± 0.36 3.13 ± 0.09 ♂ 1.12 ± 0.03 2.14 ± 0.07 2.49 ± 0.07 4.65 ± 0.32 5.28 ± 0.66 7.67 ± 0.6 2.66 ± 0.16 C. geniculata ♀ 1.43 ± 0.05 2.44 ± 0.04 2.85 ± 0.04 5.85 ± 0.23 6.28 ± 0.06 9.37 ± 0.14 3.34 ± 0.04 ♂ 1.22 ± 0.06 2.27 ± 0.05 2.71 ± 0.06 5.2 ± 0.23 5.58 ± 0.08 8.35 ± 0.18 2.85 ± 0.37 C. gravis ♀ 1.29 ± 0.03 2.29 ± 0.03 2.77 ± 0.15 4.99 ± 0.18 5.52 ± 0.21 8.04 ± 0.26 2.82 ± 0.1 ♂ 1.07 ± 0.01 2.3 ± 0.07 2.76 ± 0.02 4.68 ± 0.22 5.33 ± 0.27 7.65 ± 0.43 2.38 ± 0.19 C. immaculata ♀ 1.2 ± 0.05 2.11 ± 0.04 2.42 ± 0.06 4.74 ± 0.08 5.09 ± 0.08 7.91 ± 0.13 2.57 ± 0.08 ♂ 0.98 ± 0.01 1.95 ± 0.05 2.3 ± 0.02 4.2 ± 0.03 4.6 ± 0.13 7 ± 0.11 2.18 ± 0.03 C. nigritarsis ♀ 1.27 ± 0.03 2.16 ± 0.11 2.63 ± 0.2 4.98 ± 0.14 5.53 ± 0.21 8.04 ± 0.21 2.86 ± 0.19 ♂ 1.22 2.51 2.86 5.33 5.83 8.44 2.92 C. nigropicta ♀ 1.10 2.45 3.1 5.19 5.59 7.58 2.66 ♂ - - - - - - - C. panamensis ♀ 1.00 2.35 2.9 5.06 6.38 7.71 2.53 ♂ - - - - - - - C. pontagrossensis ♀ 1.23 ±0 2.02 ± 0.02 2.28 ± 0.08 4.88 ± 0.15 5.38 ± 0.35 7.91 ± 0.32 2.73 ± 0.07 ♂ 0.99 2.14 2.28 4.86 5.45 7.99 2.77 C. rideri ♀ 1.32 ± 0.06 2.27 ± 0.08 2.63 ± 0.05 5.73 ± 0.14 6.2 ± 0.24 9.37 ± 0.16 3.13 ± 0.22 ♂ 1.19 ± 0.02 2.28 ± 0.08 2.54 ± 0.07 5.18 ± 0.25 5.91 ± 0.32 8.51 ± 0.45 2.75 ± 0.21 C. rogenhoferi ♀ 1.25 ± 0.05 2.19 ± 0.06 2.58 ± 0.04 4.76 ± 0.14 5.08 ± 0.13 7.64 ± 0.1 2.44 ± 0.06 ♂ - - - - - - - C. sebastiaoi ♀ 1.43 ± 0.05 2.24 ± 0.09 2.57 ± 0.05 5.81 ± 0.19 6.49 ± 0.17 9.19 ± 0.11 3.25 ± 0.26 ♂ 1.3 ± 0.1 2.31 ± 0.04 2.61 ± 0.01 5.54 ± 0.12 6.28 ± 0.05 8.77 ± 0.29 2.83 ± 0.23 C. tuiucauna ♀ 1.27 2.2 2.7 5.46 5.93 8.8 3.23 ♂ - - - - - - - C. vanduzeei ♀ 1.29 ± 0.02 2.22 ± 0.03 2.64 ± 0.06 4.66 ± 0.12 5.23 ± 0.03 7.36 ± 0.14 2.55 ± 0.06 ♂ 1.02 ± 0.04 2.18 ± 0.05 2.6 ± 0.1 4.38 ± 0.13 4.95 ± 0.24 6.91 ± 0.22 2.33 ± 0.04Published as part of Genevcius, Bruno C. & Schwertner, Cristiano F., 2014, Review and phylogeny of the geniculata group, genus Chinavia (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with notes on biogeography and morphological evolution, pp. 33-56 in Zootaxa 3847 (1) on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/28682

Chinavia vanduzeei Schwerter & Grazia

Chinavia vanduzeei Schwerter & Grazia (Figs. 4 n, 5 j; table 3) Chinavia vanduzeei Schwertner & Grazia 2006, 247– 248; Schwertner & Grazia 2007, 422, 433– 434. Diagnosis. Wide cream bands present on the external margins of the pronotum, scutellum, hemelytra and apex of scutellum. Antennae, rostrum and tibia black. Margins of juga with a strong concavity in front of eyes. Adult size. 11–14mm. Distribution. Brazil (AM, PA, MA). Material examined. Holotype: Rio Xingu (PA—Brazil), 1986, Spangler & Flint col., NMNH (1 ♂). Paratypes: Madre de Dios, Rio Tambopata Reserve (Peru), 1982, Ross col., CAS (1 ♂); Rio Japurá (AM—Brazil), 1979, INPA (1 ♀); Ayrão, 1930, Klages col., NMNH (1 ♀); Rio Solimões, Belém (PA—Brazil), 1966, Malkin col., CAS (1 ♂); Fordlândia (PA—Brazil), 1970, DARC (1 ♂); Parque Nacional de Uruá (PA—Brazil), 1977, DARC (1 ♀); Itaituba (PA—Brazil), 1977, Ratcliff col., DZRS (♂); Buruticupu (MA—Brazil), 1978, DZRS (1 ♀). Comments. Species with a unique color pattern within the genus, with large pale stripes along the whole body external margins. Is one of the smallest species of Chinavia.Published as part of Genevcius, Bruno C. & Schwertner, Cristiano F., 2014, Review and phylogeny of the geniculata group, genus Chinavia (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with notes on biogeography and morphological evolution, pp. 33-56 in Zootaxa 3847 (1) on page 53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/28682

Chinavia geniculata Dallas

Chinavia geniculata (Dallas) (Figs. 4 c, 5 c, 6 b; table 3) Rhaphigaster (Nezara) geniculatus Dallas 1851, 1: 279. Rhaphigaster obscuricornis Stål 1860, 22; Walker 1867, 360. Rhaphigaster geniculatus: Stål 1872, 497; Walker 1867, 356. Nezara geniculata: Mulsant & Rey 1866, 289; Stål 1872, 40; Lethierry & Severin 1893, 165. Nezara (Nezara) geniculata: Kirkaldy 1909, 116. Acrosternum geniculatum: Rolston 1976, 3. Acrosternum (Chinavia) geniculatum: Rolston 1983, 106, 127– 128; Frey-da-Silva & Grazia 2001, 110. Chinavia geniculata: Schwertner & Grazia 2006, 243; Schwertner & Grazia 2007, 422, 428; Campos et al. 2012, 164, 166. Genevcius et al. 2012, 4. Diagnosis. Body mostly green, with narrow cream bands on the external margins of the juga. Antennae and apices of femora black. Black spots absent on the cicatrices of pronotum, scutellum and connexivum. Abdominal spine not reaching metacoxae. Head. Margins of juga with a strong concavity in front of eyes and concolorous with the body; apex of head elliptical in shape. Antennae with the two first segments black. Proportion of antennal segments: IV. Rostrum surpassing the metacoxae. Apex of tylus with a black spot. Thorax. Humeral angles obtuse, not produced. Anterolateral margins of pronotum with a slight submarginal dorsal depression. Scutellum, pronotum and corium without any black spots. Propleura without a black longitudinal stripe at the external margin. Membrane of hemelytra darkened. Abdomen. Abdominal spine not reaching metacoxae; Spiracles not colored and without a callus. Connexivum green and without black spots at the anterior and posterior margins. Male genitalia (Fig. 5 c). Pygophore subtrapezoidal, with the posterolateral angles projected well beyond the ventral rim. Lateral margins of pygophore rounded. Median projection of dorsal rim slightly concave. Flaps of pygophore ventral rim folded over the genital cup with the mesial margins irregular; apex of flaps without a curved hook-like projection. Segment X dorsally convex. Parameres projected laterally, with the apices black. Female genitalia. Gonocoxites 8 and laterotergites 9 flattened. Posterior margins of the gonocoxites 8 straight. Gonocoxite 9 slightly concave. Pars intermedialis conical, enlarged at the apex, as long as the capsula seminalis; width of capsula seminalis three times the width of pars intermedialis. Anterior annular flange shorter than the posterior and slightly curved towards the vesicular area. Posterior annular flange curved towards the pars intermedialis. Processes of capsula seminalis subequal in length, five times the length of pars intermedialis. Adult size. 14–17mm. Distribution. Brazil (SC, RJ). Material examined. Corcovado (RJ—Brazil), 1963, Alvarenga & Seabra col., DZRS (2 ♀); Rio de Janeiro (RJ—Brazil), 1957, Zajciv col., MNRJ (5 ♀); Nova Friburgo (RJ—Brazil), Muller col., NMNH (1 ♀); Rio de Janeiro (RJ—Brazil), 1963, M. Alvarenga col., NMNH (3 ♀); Rio de Janeiro (RJ—Brazil), Freitas & Lopes col., FIOC (1 ♀); Petropolis (RJ—Brazil), 1985, Scott & Miller col., NMNH (1 ♂); Jussaral (RJ—Brazil), 1934, MNRJ (1 ♂); Rio de Janeiro (RJ—Brazil), 1902, Wagner ER col., MNHN (1 ♂); Corcovado (RJ—Brazil), 1 ♂. Comments. This is the species for which the group is named as it is the oldest name available. It is one of the largest species of Chinavia and quite similar to C. cearensis, but without the red external margins of the juga.Published as part of Genevcius, Bruno C. & Schwertner, Cristiano F., 2014, Review and phylogeny of the geniculata group, genus Chinavia (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with notes on biogeography and morphological evolution, pp. 33-56 in Zootaxa 3847 (1) on pages 47-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/28682

Chinavia sebastiaoi Schwertner & Grazia

Chinavia sebastiaoi Schwertner & Grazia (Figs. 4 l, 5 i; table 3) Chinavia sebastiaoi Schwertner & Grazia 2006, 243– 246; Schwertner & Grazia 2007, 422, 423, 433. Diagnosis. Body mostly green, with narrow yellow bands on the lateral margins of the scutellum, pronotum and hemelytra. Abdominal spine surpassing metacoxae, generally reaching mesocoxae. Adult size. 14–16mm. Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Paraguay. Material examined. Holotype: Serra da Bodoquena (MS—Brazil), 1941, Ugarte col., FIOC (1 ♂); Paratypes: La Paz: Guanay (Bolivia), 1996, Steinbaeh col., NMNH (1 ♂); Santa Cruz, Sara, Martinez col., NMNH (1 ♀); Serra da Bodoquena (MS—Brazil), 1941, FIOC (5 ♀); Carumbé (Paraguay), 1966, MLCN (1 ♀). Comments. This species is characterized by the absence of black spots on the scutellum, pronotum and connexivum, similar to the species from the obstinata group. However, it is included in the geniculata group because of the recovered synapomorphies of general and genital morphologies.Published as part of Genevcius, Bruno C. & Schwertner, Cristiano F., 2014, Review and phylogeny of the geniculata group, genus Chinavia (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with notes on biogeography and morphological evolution, pp. 33-56 in Zootaxa 3847 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/28682

Review and phylogeny of the geniculata group, genus Chinavia (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with notes on biogeography and morphological evolution

Genevcius, Bruno C., Schwertner, Cristiano F. (2014): Review and phylogeny of the geniculata group, genus Chinavia (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with notes on biogeography and morphological evolution. Zootaxa 3847 (1): 33-56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.1.