Basin scale survey of marine humic fluorescence in the Atlantic: relationship to iron solubility and H2O2

Iron (Fe) is a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton productivity in many different oceanic regions. A critical aspect underlying iron limitation is its low solubility in seawater as this controls the distribution and transport of iron through the ocean. Processes which enhance the solubility of iron in seawater, either through redox reactions or organic complexation, are central to understanding the biogeochemical cycling of iron. In this work we combined iron solubility measurements with parallel factor (PARAFAC) data analysis of CDOM fluorescence along a meridional transect through the Atlantic (PS ANT XXVI-4) to examine the hypothesis that marine humic fluorescence is a potential proxy for iron solubility in the surface ocean. PARAFAC analysis revealed 4 components, two humic like substances and two protein-like. Overall none of the 4 components were significantly correlated with iron solubility, though humic-like components were weakly correlated with iron solubility in iron replete waters. Our analysis suggests that the ligands responsible for maintaining iron in solution in the euphotic zone are sourced from both remineralisation processes and specific ligands produced in response to iron stress and are not easily related to bulk CDOM properties. The humic fluorescence signal was sharply attenuated in surface waters presumably most likely due to photo bleaching, though there was only a weak correlation with the transient photo product H2O2, suggesting longer lifetimes in the photic zone for the fluorescent components identified here. Key Points: - humic-like components correlated with Fe solubility in iron repleted water - ligands are sourced from remineralisation processes produced to Fe stress - humic flu sharply attenuated in surface waters, but only weak corr. with H2O

Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean

A substantial amount of the atmospheric carbon taken up on land through photosynthesis and chemical weathering is transported laterally along the aquatic continuum from upland terrestrial ecosystems to the ocean. So far, global carbon budget estimates have implicitly assumed that the transformation and lateral transport of carbon along this aquatic continuum has remained unchanged since pre-industrial times. A synthesis of published work reveals the magnitude of present-day lateral carbon fluxes from land to ocean, and the extent to which human activities have altered these fluxes. We show that anthropogenic perturbation may have increased the flux of carbon to inland waters by as much as 1.0 Pg C yr-1 since pre-industrial times, mainly owing to enhanced carbon export from soils. Most of this additional carbon input to upstream rivers is either emitted back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (~0.4 Pg C yr-1) or sequestered in sediments (~0.5 Pg C yr-1) along the continuum of freshwater bodies, estuaries and coastal waters, leaving only a perturbation carbon input of ~0.1 Pg C yr-1 to the open ocean. According to our analysis, terrestrial ecosystems store ~0.9 Pg C yr-1 at present, which is in agreement with results from forest inventories but significantly differs from the figure of 1.5 Pg C yr-1 previously estimated when ignoring changes in lateral carbon fluxes. We suggest that carbon fluxes along the land–ocean aquatic continuum need to be included in global carbon dioxide budgets.Peer reviewe

Understanding the relation between Zika virus infection during pregnancy and adverse fetal, infant and child outcomes: a protocol for a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of longitudinal studies of pregnant women and their infants and children

IntroductionZika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy is a known cause of microcephaly and other congenital and developmental anomalies. In the absence of a ZIKV vaccine or prophylactics, principal investigators (PIs) and international leaders in ZIKV research have formed the ZIKV Individual Participant Data (IPD) Consortium to identify, collect and synthesise IPD from longitudinal studies of pregnant women that measure ZIKV infection during pregnancy and fetal, infant or child outcomes.Methods and analysisWe will identify eligible studies through the ZIKV IPD Consortium membership and a systematic review and invite study PIs to participate in the IPD meta-analysis (IPD-MA). We will use the combined dataset to estimate the relative and absolute risk of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), including microcephaly and late symptomatic congenital infections; identify and explore sources of heterogeneity in those estimates and develop and validate a risk prediction model to identify the pregnancies at the highest risk of CZS or adverse developmental outcomes. The variable accuracy of diagnostic assays and differences in exposure and outcome definitions means that included studies will have a higher level of systematic variability, a component of measurement error, than an IPD-MA of studies of an established pathogen. We will use expert testimony, existing internal and external diagnostic accuracy validation studies and laboratory external quality assessments to inform the distribution of measurement error in our models. We will apply both Bayesian and frequentist methods to directly account for these and other sources of uncertainty.Ethics and disseminationThe IPD-MA was deemed exempt from ethical review. We will convene a group of patient advocates to evaluate the ethical implications and utility of the risk stratification tool. Findings from these analyses will be shared via national and international conferences and through publication in open access, peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberPROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42017068915).</jats:sec

Pharmacological properties of Tilia europeæ aqueous: screening anxiolytic/sedative activity in mice

The extracts or infusions obtained from inflorescences of Tilia europeae have been used in popular medicine as a sedative/anxiolytic drug. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate these possible properties of this extract, by using different behavioural models. The extract, orally administered to mice, prolonged sleeping time, changed the level of anxiety, affected curiosity and locomotor activity and showed miorrelaxant properties.JNICT PBIC/C/SAU/1607/9

Association of Empiric Antibiotic Regimen Discordance With 30-Day Mortality in Neonatal and Pediatric Bloodstream Infection-A Global Retrospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND: While there have been studies in adults reporting discordant empiric antibiotic treatment associated with poor outcomes, this area is relatively unexplored in children and neonates despite evidence of increasing resistance to recommended first-line treatment regimens. METHODS: Patient characteristics, antibiotic treatment, microbiology, and 30-day all-cause outcome from children &lt;18 years with blood-culture-confirmed bacterial bloodstream infections (BSI) were collected anonymously using REDCap™ through the Global Antibiotic Prescribing and Resistance in Neonates and Children network from February 2016 to February 2017. Concordance of early empiric antibiotic treatment was determined using European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing interpretive guidelines. The relationship between concordance of empiric regimen and 30-day mortality was investigated using multivariable regression. RESULTS: Four hundred fifty-two children with blood-culture-positive BSI receiving early empiric antibiotics were reported by 25 hospitals in 19 countries. Sixty percent (273/452) were under the age of 2 years. S. aureus, E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. were the most common isolates, and there were 158 unique empiric regimens prescribed. Fifteen percent (69/452) of patients received a discordant regimen, and 7.7% (35/452) died. Six percent (23/383) of patients with concordant regimen died compared with 17.4% (12/69) of patients with discordant regimen. Adjusting for age, sex, presence of comorbidity, unit type, hospital-acquired infections, and Gram stain, the odds of 30-day mortality were 2.9 (95% confidence interval: 1.2-7.0; P = 0.015) for patients receiving discordant early empiric antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: Odds of mortality in confirmed pediatric BSI are nearly 3-fold higher for patients receiving a discordant early empiric antibiotic regimen. The impact of improved concordance of early empiric treatment on mortality, particularly in critically ill patients, needs further evaluation

Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro: preliminary report

Artigo liberado em acesso aberto como parte do acordo para tornar público todos os dados produzidos sobre o vírus zika - Compartilhamento de dados em emergências de saúde pública - http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/Media-office/Press-releases/2016/WTP060169.htmVersão final do artigo - handle https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/17780Submitted by Claudete Queiroz ([email protected]) on 2016-03-08T19:16:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Zika Virus Infection in Pregnant Women - preliminary report.pdf: 646105 bytes, checksum: 76b9427d455f2a5cbb1aa17b53e4cfc6 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Claudete Queiroz ([email protected]) on 2016-03-09T11:54:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Zika Virus Infection in Pregnant Women - preliminary report.pdf: 646105 bytes, checksum: 76b9427d455f2a5cbb1aa17b53e4cfc6 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-09T11:54:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zika Virus Infection in Pregnant Women - preliminary report.pdf: 646105 bytes, checksum: 76b9427d455f2a5cbb1aa17b53e4cfc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Biomedical Research Institute of Southern California. Oceanside, California, EUA.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, EUA.David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, EUA.David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, EUA.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, EUA.BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) has been linked to neonatal microcephaly. To characterize the spectrum of ZIKV disease in pregnancy, we followed patients in Rio de Janeiro to describe clinical manifestations in mothers and repercussions of acute ZIKV infection in fetuses. METHODS We enrolled pregnant women in whom a rash had developed within the previous 5 days and tested blood and urine specimens for ZIKV by reverse-transcriptase–polymerasechain-reaction assays. We followed the women prospectively and collected clinical and ultrasonographic data. RESULTS A total of 88 women were enrolled from September 2015 through February 2016; of these 88 women, 72 (82%) tested positive for ZIKV in blood, urine, or both. The timing of acute ZIKV infection ranged from 5 to 38 weeks of gestation. Predominant clinical features included pruritic descending macular or maculopapular rash, arthralgias, conjunctival injection, and headache; 28% had fever (short-term and low-grade).Women who were positive for ZIKV were more likely than those who were negative for the virus to have maculopapular rash (44% vs. 12%, P=0.02), conjunctival involvement (58% vs. 13%, P=0.002), and lymphadenopathy (40% vs. 7%, P=0.02). Fetal ultrasonography was performed in 42 ZIKV-positive women (58%) and in all ZIKV-negative women. Fetal abnormalities were detected by Doppler ultrasonography in 12 of the 42 ZIKV-positive women (29%) and in none of the 16 ZIKV-negative women. Adverse findings included fetal deaths at 36 and 38 weeks of gestation (2 fetuses), in utero growth restriction with or without microcephaly (5 fetuses), ventricular calcifications or other central nervous system (CNS) lesions (7 fetuses), and abnormal amniotic fluid volume or cerebral or umbilical artery flow (7 fetuses). To date, 8 of the 42 women in whom fetal ultrasonography was performed have delivered their babies, and the ultrasonographic findings have been confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Despite mild clinical symptoms, ZIKV infection during pregnancy appears to be associated with grave outcomes, including fetal death, placental insufficiency, fetal growth restriction, and CNS injury

GLODAPv2.2019 – an update of GLODAPv2

The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is asynthesis effort providing regular compilations of surface to bottom oceanbiogeochemical data, with an emphasis on seawater inorganic carbon chemistryand related variables determined through chemical analysis of water samples.This update of GLODAPv2, v2.2019, adds data from 116 cruises to the previousversion, extending its coverage in time from 2013 to 2017, while also addingsome data from prior years. GLODAPv2.2019 includes measurements from morethan 1.1 million water samples from the global oceans collected on 840cruises. The data for the 12 GLODAP core variables (salinity, oxygen,nitrate, silicate, phosphate, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity,pH, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, and CCl4) have undergone extensive qualitycontrol, especially systematic evaluation of bias. The data are available intwo formats: (i) as submitted by the data originator but updated to WOCEexchange format and (ii) as a merged data product with adjustments appliedto minimize bias. These adjustments were derived by comparing the data fromthe 116 new cruises with the data from the 724 quality-controlled cruises ofthe GLODAPv2 data product. They correct for errors related to measurement,calibration, and data handling practices, taking into account any known orlikely time trends or variations. The compiled and adjusted data product isbelieved to be consistent to better than 0.005 in salinity, 1 % in oxygen,2 % in nitrate, 2 % in silicate, 2 % in phosphate, 4 µmol kg−1 in dissolved inorganic carbon, 4 µmol kg−1 in totalalkalinity, 0.01–0.02 in pH, and 5 % in the halogenated transienttracers. The compilation also includes data for several other variables,such as isotopic tracers. These were not subjected to bias comparison oradjustments.The original data, their documentation and DOI codes are available in theOcean Carbon Data System of NOAA NCEI(https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/oceans/GLODAPv2_2019/, last access: 17 September 2019). Thissite also provides access to the merged data product, which is provided as asingle global file and as four regional ones – the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian,and Pacific oceans – under https://doi.org/10.25921/xnme-wr20(Olsen et al., 2019). Theproduct files also include significant ancillary and approximated data.These were obtained by interpolation of, or calculation from, measured data.This paper documents the GLODAPv2.2019 methods and provides a broad overviewof the secondary quality control procedures and results