53 research outputs found
Les Organisations de la Société Civile et la Lutte Contre la Pauvreté en Afrique Subsaharienne
The paper presents the role played by civil society organisations to bring down the poverty
Primary and secondary eclipse spectroscopy with JWST: exploring the exoplanet parameter space
Eclipse exoplanet spectroscopy has yielded detection of H_2O, CH_4, CO_2 and
CO in the atmosphere of hot jupiters and neptunes. About 40 large terrestrial
planets are announced or confirmed, two of which are transiting, and another
deemed habitable. Hence the potential for eclipse spectroscopy of terrestrial
planets with James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has become an active field of
study. We explore the parameter space (type of stars, planet orbital periods
and types, and instruments/wavelengths) in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio
(S/N) achievable on the detection of spectroscopic features. We use analytic
formula and model data for both the astrophysical scene and the instrument, to
plot S/N contour maps, while indicating how the S/N scales with the fixed
parameters. We systematically compare stellar photon noise-only figures with
ones including detailed instrumental and zodiacal noises. Likelihood of
occurring targets is based both on model and catalog star population of the
solar neighborhood. The 9.6 micron ozone band is detectable (S/N = 3) with
JWST, for a warm super-earth 6.7 pc away, using ~2% of the 5-year nominal
mission time (summing observations, M4V and lighter host star for primary
eclipses, M5V for secondary). If every star up to this mass limit and distance
were to host a habitable planet, there should be statistically ~1 eclipsing
case. Investigation of systematic noises in the co-addition of 5 years worth-,
tens of days separated-, hours-long observations is critical, complemented by
dedicated characterisation of the instruments, currently in integration phase.
The census of nearby transiting habitable planets must be complete before the
beginning of science operations.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, 16 pages, 19 figure
JWST/MIRI coronagraphic performances as measured on-sky
Characterization of directly imaged exoplanets is one of the most eagerly
anticipated science functions of the James Webb Space Telescope. MIRI, the
mid-IR instrument has the capability to provide unique spatially resolved
photometric data points in a spectral range never achieved so far for such
objects. We aim to present the very first on-sky contrast measurements of the
MIRI's coronagraphs. In addition to a classical Lyot coronagraph at the longest
wavelength, this observing mode implements the concept of the four quadrant
phase mask for the very first time in a space telescope. We observed single
stars together with a series of reference stars to measure raw contrasts as
they are delivered on the detector, as well as reference subtracted contrasts.
MIRI's coronagraphs achieve raw contrasts greater than at the smallest
angular separations (within ) and about further out (beyond
). Subtracting the residual diffracted light left unattenuated by the
coronagraph has the potential to bring the final contrast down to the
background and detector limited noise floor at most angular separations (a few
times at less than ). MIRI coronagraphs behave as expected from
simulations. In particular the raw contrasts for all four coronagraphs are
fully consistent with the diffractive model. Contrasts obtained with
subtracting reference stars also meet expectations and are fully demonstrated
for two four quadrant phase masks (F1065C and F1140C). The worst contrast,
measured at F1550C, is very likely due to a variation of the phase aberrations
at the primary mirror during the observations, and not an issue of the
coronagraph itself. We did not perform reference star subtraction with the Lyot
mask at F2300C, but we anticipate that it would bring the contrast down to the
noise floor.Comment: submitted to A&
Planet Populations as a Function of Stellar Properties
Exoplanets around different types of stars provide a window into the diverse
environments in which planets form. This chapter describes the observed
relations between exoplanet populations and stellar properties and how they
connect to planet formation in protoplanetary disks. Giant planets occur more
frequently around more metal-rich and more massive stars. These findings
support the core accretion theory of planet formation, in which the cores of
giant planets form more rapidly in more metal-rich and more massive
protoplanetary disks. Smaller planets, those with sizes roughly between Earth
and Neptune, exhibit different scaling relations with stellar properties. These
planets are found around stars with a wide range of metallicities and occur
more frequently around lower mass stars. This indicates that planet formation
takes place in a wide range of environments, yet it is not clear why planets
form more efficiently around low mass stars. Going forward, exoplanet surveys
targeting M dwarfs will characterize the exoplanet population around the lowest
mass stars. In combination with ongoing stellar characterization, this will
help us understand the formation of planets in a large range of environments.Comment: Accepted for Publication in the Handbook of Exoplanet
A seven-planet resonant chain in TRAPPIST-1
The TRAPPIST-1 system is the first transiting planet system found orbiting an ultra-cool dwarf star1. At least seven planets similar to Earth in radius were previously found to transit this host star2. Subsequently, TRAPPIST-1 was observed as part of the K2 mission and, with these new data, we report the measurement of an 18.77 d orbital period for the outermost transiting planet, TRAPPIST-1h, which was unconstrained until now. This value matches our theoretical expectations based on Laplace relations3 and places TRAPPIST-1h as the seventh member of a complex chain, with three-body resonances linking every member. We find that TRAPPIST-1h has a radius of 0.727 R⊕ and an equilibrium temperature of 169 K. We have also measured the rotational period of the star at 3.3 d and detected a number of flares consistent with a low-activity, middle-aged, late M dwarf
Dynamical Evolution of Planetary Systems
Planetary systems can evolve dynamically even after the full growth of the
planets themselves. There is actually circumstantial evidence that most
planetary systems become unstable after the disappearance of gas from the
protoplanetary disk. These instabilities can be due to the original system
being too crowded and too closely packed or to external perturbations such as
tides, planetesimal scattering, or torques from distant stellar companions. The
Solar System was not exceptional in this sense. In its inner part, a crowded
system of planetary embryos became unstable, leading to a series of mutual
impacts that built the terrestrial planets on a timescale of ~100 My. In its
outer part, the giant planets became temporarily unstable and their orbital
configuration expanded under the effect of mutual encounters. A planet might
have been ejected in this phase. Thus, the orbital distributions of planetary
systems that we observe today, both solar and extrasolar ones, can be different
from the those emerging from the formation process and it is important to
consider possible long-term evolutionary effects to connect the two.Comment: Review to appear as a chapter in the "Handbook of Exoplanets", ed. H.
Deeg & J.A. Belmont
The Mid-infrared Instrument for JWST and Its In-flight Performance
The Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) extends the reach of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to 28.5 μm. It provides subarcsecond-resolution imaging, high sensitivity coronagraphy, and spectroscopy at resolutions of λ/Δλ ∼ 100-3500, with the high-resolution mode employing an integral field unit to provide spatial data cubes. The resulting broad suite of capabilities will enable huge advances in studies over this wavelength range. This overview describes the history of acquiring this capability for JWST. It discusses the basic attributes of the instrument optics, the detector arrays, and the cryocooler that keeps everything at approximately 7 K. It gives a short description of the data pipeline and of the instrument performance demonstrated during JWST commissioning. The bottom line is that the telescope and MIRI are both operating to the standards set by pre-launch predictions, and all of the MIRI capabilities are operating at, or even a bit better than, the level that had been expected. The paper is also designed to act as a roadmap to more detailed papers on different aspects of MIRI
The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning
This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period. We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments, and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases, JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies
The James Webb Space Telescope Mission
Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies,
expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling
for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least .
With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000
people realized that vision as the James Webb Space Telescope. A
generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of
the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the
scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000
team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image
quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief
history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing
program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite
detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space
Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure
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