Confederate Daughters: Coming of Age During the Civil War

Gender and the Confederacy At the beginning of the best-known rendition of a Southern belle, Gone with the Wind, Scarlett O\u27Hara declares to her visitors, the Tarleton twins, that if they don\u27t stop going on and on about the impending war, she will go into the house and leave the...

Grant and Twain: The Story of a Friendship that Changed America

Nurses and Little Women A novel of Barton and Alcott Patricia O\u27Brien follows up her study on real women\u27s friendships in I Know Just What You Mean with this close examination of a 19th-century fictional friendship in a new novel, The Glory Cloak. O\u27Brien places ...

Double Trouble: Seneca Falls Sisters Return South As The War Heats Up

In Sisters of Cain, the seventh book in Miriam Grace Monfredo\u27s Seneca Falls chronicle, the plot heads south again with the outbreak of the Civil War. Bronwen and Kathryn Llyr, nieces of librarian Glynis Tryon, whose feminist activities began the Seneca Falls series of murder mysteries, now a...

The Weston Sisters: An American Abolitionist Family

Sisters Driving and Defining an Antebellum Abolitionist Family In the days of Bush III and Clinton II, it is not surprising to view political life in America as a bit of a family affair. After all, this is a country where a father-son combination became president--twice--and a grandson fo...

The genetics of the mood disorder spectrum:genome-wide association analyses of over 185,000 cases and 439,000 controls

Background Mood disorders (including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder) affect 10-20% of the population. They range from brief, mild episodes to severe, incapacitating conditions that markedly impact lives. Despite their diagnostic distinction, multiple approaches have shown considerable sharing of risk factors across the mood disorders. Methods To clarify their shared molecular genetic basis, and to highlight disorder-specific associations, we meta-analysed data from the latest Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) genome-wide association studies of major depression (including data from 23andMe) and bipolar disorder, and an additional major depressive disorder cohort from UK Biobank (total: 185,285 cases, 439,741 controls; non-overlapping N = 609,424). Results Seventy-three loci reached genome-wide significance in the meta-analysis, including 15 that are novel for mood disorders. More genome-wide significant loci from the PGC analysis of major depression than bipolar disorder reached genome-wide significance. Genetic correlations revealed that type 2 bipolar disorder correlates strongly with recurrent and single episode major depressive disorder. Systems biology analyses highlight both similarities and differences between the mood disorders, particularly in the mouse brain cell-types implicated by the expression patterns of associated genes. The mood disorders also differ in their genetic correlation with educational attainment – positive in bipolar disorder but negative in major depressive disorder. Conclusions The mood disorders share several genetic associations, and can be combined effectively to increase variant discovery. However, we demonstrate several differences between these disorders. Analysing subtypes of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder provides evidence for a genetic mood disorders spectrum

Bipolar multiplex families have an increased burden of common risk variants for psychiatric disorders.

Multiplex families with a high prevalence of a psychiatric disorder are often examined to identify rare genetic variants with large effect sizes. In the present study, we analysed whether the risk for bipolar disorder (BD) in BD multiplex families is influenced by common genetic variants. Furthermore, we investigated whether this risk is conferred mainly by BD-specific risk variants or by variants also associated with the susceptibility to schizophrenia or major depression. In total, 395 individuals from 33 Andalusian BD multiplex families (166 BD, 78 major depressive disorder, 151 unaffected) as well as 438 subjects from an independent, BD case/control cohort (161 unrelated BD, 277 unrelated controls) were analysed. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for BD, schizophrenia (SCZ), and major depression were calculated and compared between the cohorts. Both the familial BD cases and unaffected family members had higher PRS for all three psychiatric disorders than the independent controls, with BD and SCZ being significant after correction for multiple testing, suggesting a high baseline risk for several psychiatric disorders in the families. Moreover, familial BD cases showed significantly higher BD PRS than unaffected family members and unrelated BD cases. A plausible hypothesis is that, in multiplex families with a general increase in risk for psychiatric disease, BD development is attributable to a high burden of common variants that confer a specific risk for BD. The present analyses demonstrated that common genetic risk variants for psychiatric disorders are likely to contribute to the high incidence of affective psychiatric disorders in the multiplex families. However, the PRS explained only part of the observed phenotypic variance, and rare variants might have also contributed to disease development

Tip Dan Trik Lotus 1-2-3

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A History of women in America

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