Effect of dietary protein intake on calf resilience to Haemonchus placei infection

Twenty, 2-3-month-old worm free male Holstein calves, were assigned to two groups each containing ten animals. Each group was offered one of two diets: High (HP) and Low (LP) protein with 257 and 91 gkg-1 dry matter respectively, balanced for energy and minerals. After an initial period of 4 weeks on the diets, the calves from each group were subdivided into two groups of four and six calves. A trickle infection of 5,000 Haemonchus placei L3 was given twice a week for nine weeks to the sub group of six calves (I). The remaining four calves from each dietary group were used as non-infected control (C). Four weeks after the last infection, all calves were slaughtered and worm burdens counts. Carried out Biochemical determinations, faecal egg counts and body weights were carried out once a week. The HP group had significantly higher mean adult worm burdens (11,900 ± 7,660) when compared with BP (5,450 ± 7,895). Faecal egg counts were higher in the HP than LP group. Despite higher worm burdens, resilience was increased in the HP calves, with higher packed cell volume values as well as body weight when compared with the LP group.Vinte bezerros com 2 a 3 meses de idade criados livres de vermes foram divididos em 2 grupos com 10 animais cada alimentados com alta proteína (HP) e baixa proteina (LP) com 257 e 91 g kg-1 de proteína na materia seca respectivamente, devidamente balanceado em energia e minerais. Após 4 semanas submetidos a estas duas dietas cada grupo original foi subdividido em 2 grupos, um contendo 4 animais não infectado (C) e 6 animais infectados (I). O grupo infectado recebeu 5.000 larvas de Haemonchus placei duas vezes por semana por um período de 9 semamas, após 4 semanas da última infecção todos os animais foram sacrificados e realizada a contagem de vermes. Semanalmente foram feitas as pesagens dos animais, número de ovos por grama de fezes e colheita de sangue para determinação do hematócrito, hemoglobina, albumina e proteína total. A contagem de ovos por grama de fezes foi superior no grupo de HP em relação ao grupo de LP, tendo em vista que o número de vermes adultos no grupo HP (11.900 ± 7.660) foi maior que o grupo de LP (5.450 ± 7.895) . Apesar do número superior de vermes encontrado no grupo HP, observou-se valores superiores de hematócrito e peso vivo quando comparado com o grupo de LP (p<0,05), demonstrado que a suplementação protéica possibilita uma melhor resilience em bezerros infectados com Haemonchus placei

Effect of dietary protein intake on calf resilience to Haemonchus placei infection

Twenty, 2-3-month-old worm free male Holstein calves, were assigned to two groups each containing ten animals. Each group was offered one of two diets: High (HP) and Low (LP) protein with 257 and 91 gkg-1 dry matter respectively, balanced for energy and minerals. After an initial period of 4 weeks on the diets, the calves from each group were subdivided into two groups of four and six calves. A trickle infection of 5,000 Haemonchus placei L3 was given twice a week for nine weeks to the sub group of six calves (I). The remaining four calves from each dietary group were used as non-infected control (C). Four weeks after the last infection, all calves were slaughtered and worm burdens counts. Carried out Biochemical determinations, faecal egg counts and body weights were carried out once a week. The HP group had significantly higher mean adult worm burdens (11,900 ± 7,660) when compared with BP (5,450 ± 7,895). Faecal egg counts were higher in the HP than LP group. Despite higher worm burdens, resilience was increased in the HP calves, with higher packed cell volume values as well as body weight when compared with the LP group.Vinte bezerros com 2 a 3 meses de idade criados livres de vermes foram divididos em 2 grupos com 10 animais cada alimentados com alta proteína (HP) e baixa proteina (LP) com 257 e 91 g kg-1 de proteína na materia seca respectivamente, devidamente balanceado em energia e minerais. Após 4 semanas submetidos a estas duas dietas cada grupo original foi subdividido em 2 grupos, um contendo 4 animais não infectado (C) e 6 animais infectados (I). O grupo infectado recebeu 5.000 larvas de Haemonchus placei duas vezes por semana por um período de 9 semamas, após 4 semanas da última infecção todos os animais foram sacrificados e realizada a contagem de vermes. Semanalmente foram feitas as pesagens dos animais, número de ovos por grama de fezes e colheita de sangue para determinação do hematócrito, hemoglobina, albumina e proteína total. A contagem de ovos por grama de fezes foi superior no grupo de HP em relação ao grupo de LP, tendo em vista que o número de vermes adultos no grupo HP (11.900 ± 7.660) foi maior que o grupo de LP (5.450 ± 7.895) . Apesar do número superior de vermes encontrado no grupo HP, observou-se valores superiores de hematócrito e peso vivo quando comparado com o grupo de LP (p<0,05), demonstrado que a suplementação protéica possibilita uma melhor resilience em bezerros infectados com Haemonchus placei

Persistence of immunity to Nematodirus battus infection in lambs

Fifty-four Greyface Suffolk lambs aged 3 months were allocated to six groups of seven and one group of 12. Three groups were infected continuously with Nematodirus battus larvae (L3) over a 7-week period and three groups remained worm-free. One week after the last larval dose all six groups were treated with anthelmintic and challenged with a single dose of 30 000 N. battus L3 either 1, 6 or 12 weeks post-treatment (PT) and killed 10 days later. A seventh continuously infected and treated group (n = 12) was segregated into four sub-groups of three lambs which were used as tissue cell count controls and provided data on local cellular responses prior to challenge. Lambs in the first sub-group were killed immediately after anthelmintic treatment and those in the other sub-groups were killed on the same day that the lambs in the other main groups were challenged. Overall post-challenge worm burdens did not differ significantly between previously infected and challenge control groups although they were significantly reduced in both treatment groups by Week 12 PT. The principal manifestation of acquired immunity that was maintained throughout 12 weeks without further infection was retardation in larval development. There was also evidence of preferential rejection of male worms from immune lambs. Local mast cell, but not eosinophil, responses were significantly enhanced by previous infection and persisted up to Week 12 PT. The numbers of bone marrow eosinophils were significantly increased as a result of previous infection and this response persisted up to Week 12 PT. During primary infection anti-L4 and anti-adult worm IgG responses were significantly increased in the previously infected lambs by Day 42 post-infection. Eosinophil responses during this period did not differ between groups. The inflammatory cell responses, coupled with the parasitological observations, suggest that immunity to previous infection is maintained for up to 12 weeks PT without further antigenic stimulation. This 'immunological memory' may have waned partially after 6 weeks PT although the superimposition of age resistance may have masked the effect

Forest and woodland replacement patterns following drought-related mortality

Forest vulnerability to drought is expected to increase under anthropogenic climate change, and drought-induced mortality and community dynamics following drought have major ecological and societal impacts. Here, we show that tree mortality concomitant with drought has led to short-term (mean 5 y, range 1 to 23 y after mortality) vegetation-type conversion in multiple biomes across the world (131 sites). Self-replacement of the dominant tree species was only prevalent in 21% of the examined cases and forests and woodlands shifted to nonwoody vegetation in 10% of them. The ultimate temporal persistence of such changes remains unknown but, given the key role of biological legacies in long-term ecological succession, this emerging picture of postdrought ecological trajectories highlights the potential for major ecosystem reorganization in the coming decades. Community changes were less pronounced under wetter postmortality conditions. Replacement was also influenced by management intensity, and postdrought shrub dominance was higher when pathogens acted as codrivers of tree mortality. Early change in community composition indicates that forests dominated by mesic species generally shifted toward more xeric communities, with replacing tree and shrub species exhibiting drier bioclimatic optima and distribution ranges. However, shifts toward more mesic communities also occurred and multiple pathways of forest replacement were observed for some species. Drought characteristics, species-specific environmental preferences, plant traits, and ecosystem legacies govern post drought species turnover and subsequent ecological trajectories, with potential far-reaching implications for forest biodiversity and ecosystem services.Peer reviewe

Reduced fire severity offers near-term buffer to climate-driven declines in conifer resilience across the western United States

Increasing fire severity and warmer, drier postfire conditions are making forests in the western United States (West) vulnerable to ecological transformation. Yet, the relative importance of and interactions between these drivers of forest change remain unresolved, particularly over upcoming decades. Here, we assess how the interactive impacts of changing climate and wildfire activity influenced conifer regeneration after 334 wildfires, using a dataset of postfire conifer regeneration from 10,230 field plots. Our findings highlight declining regeneration capacity across the West over the past four decades for the eight dominant conifer species studied. Postfire regeneration is sensitive to high-severity fire, which limits seed availability, and postfire climate, which influences seedling establishment. In the near-term, projected differences in recruitment probability between low- and high-severity fire scenarios were larger than projected climate change impacts for most species, suggesting that reductions in fire severity, and resultant impacts on seed availability, could partially offset expected climate-driven declines in postfire regeneration. Across 40 to 42% of the study area, we project postfire conifer regeneration to be likely following low-severity but not high-severity fire under future climate scenarios (2031 to 2050). However, increasingly warm, dry climate conditions are projected to eventually outweigh the influence of fire severity and seed availability. The percent of the study area considered unlikely to experience conifer regeneration, regardless of fire severity, increased from 5% in 1981 to 2000 to 26 to 31% by mid-century, highlighting a limited time window over which management actions that reduce fire severity may effectively support postfire conifer regeneration. © 2023 the Author(s)

BHPR research: qualitative1. Complex reasoning determines patients' perception of outcome following foot surgery in rheumatoid arhtritis

Background: Foot surgery is common in patients with RA but research into surgical outcomes is limited and conceptually flawed as current outcome measures lack face validity: to date no one has asked patients what is important to them. This study aimed to determine which factors are important to patients when evaluating the success of foot surgery in RA Methods: Semi structured interviews of RA patients who had undergone foot surgery were conducted and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis of interviews was conducted to explore issues that were important to patients. Results: 11 RA patients (9 ♂, mean age 59, dis dur = 22yrs, mean of 3 yrs post op) with mixed experiences of foot surgery were interviewed. Patients interpreted outcome in respect to a multitude of factors, frequently positive change in one aspect contrasted with negative opinions about another. Overall, four major themes emerged. Function: Functional ability & participation in valued activities were very important to patients. Walking ability was a key concern but patients interpreted levels of activity in light of other aspects of their disease, reflecting on change in functional ability more than overall level. Positive feelings of improved mobility were often moderated by negative self perception ("I mean, I still walk like a waddling duck”). Appearance: Appearance was important to almost all patients but perhaps the most complex theme of all. Physical appearance, foot shape, and footwear were closely interlinked, yet patients saw these as distinct separate concepts. Patients need to legitimize these feelings was clear and they frequently entered into a defensive repertoire ("it's not cosmetic surgery; it's something that's more important than that, you know?”). Clinician opinion: Surgeons' post operative evaluation of the procedure was very influential. The impact of this appraisal continued to affect patients' lasting impression irrespective of how the outcome compared to their initial goals ("when he'd done it ... he said that hasn't worked as good as he'd wanted to ... but the pain has gone”). Pain: Whilst pain was important to almost all patients, it appeared to be less important than the other themes. Pain was predominately raised when it influenced other themes, such as function; many still felt the need to legitimize their foot pain in order for health professionals to take it seriously ("in the end I went to my GP because it had happened a few times and I went to an orthopaedic surgeon who was quite dismissive of it, it was like what are you complaining about”). Conclusions: Patients interpret the outcome of foot surgery using a multitude of interrelated factors, particularly functional ability, appearance and surgeons' appraisal of the procedure. While pain was often noted, this appeared less important than other factors in the overall outcome of the surgery. Future research into foot surgery should incorporate the complexity of how patients determine their outcome Disclosure statement: All authors have declared no conflicts of interes

Efeito da proteína da dieta no desempenho de bezerros infectados com Haemonchus placei

ABSTRACTTwenty, 2-3-month-old worm free male Holstein calves, were assigned to two groups each containing ten animals. Each group was offered one of two diets: High (HP) and Low (LP) protein with 257 and 91 gkg-1 dry matter respectively, balanced for energy and minerals. After an initial period of 4 weeks on the diets, the calves from each group were subdivided into two groups of four and six calves. A trickle infection of 5,000 Haemonchus placei L3 was given twice a week for nine weeks to the sub group of six calves (I). The remaining four calves from each dietary group were used as non-infected control (C). Four weeks after the last infection, all calves were slaughtered and worm burdens counts. Carried out Biochemical determinations, faecal egg counts and body weights were carried out once a week. The HP group had significantly higher mean adult worm burdens (11,900 ± 7,660) when compared with BP (5,450 ± 7,895). Faecal egg counts were higher in the HP than LP group. Despite higher worm burdens, resilience was increased in the HP calves, with higher packed cell volume values as well as body weight when compared with the LP group. _______________________________________________________________________________ RESUMOVinte bezerros com 2 a 3 meses de idade criados livres de vermes foram divididos em 2 grupos com 10 animais cada alimentados com alta proteína (HP) e baixa proteina (LP) com 257 e 91 g kg-1 de proteína na materia seca respectivamente, devidamente balanceado em energia e minerais. Após 4 semanas submetidos a estas duas dietas cada grupo original foi subdividido em 2 grupos, um contendo 4 animais não infectado (C) e 6 animais infectados (I). O grupo infectado recebeu 5.000 larvas de Haemonchus placei duas vezes por semana por um período de 9 semamas, após 4 semanas da última infecção todos os animais foram sacrificados e realizada a contagem de vermes. Semanalmente foram feitas as pesagens dos animais, número de ovos por grama de fezes e colheita de sangue para determinação do hematócrito, hemoglobina, albumina e proteína total. A contagem de ovos por grama de fezes foi superior no grupo de HP em relação ao grupo de LP, tendo em vista que o número de vermes adultos no grupo HP (11.900 ± 7.660) foi maior que o grupo de LP (5.450 ± 7.895) . Apesar do número superior de vermes encontrado no grupo HP, observou-se valores superiores de hematócrito e peso vivo quando comparado com o grupo de LP (p<0,05), demonstrado que a suplementação protéica possibilita uma melhor resilience em bezerros infectados com Haemonchus placei