Kinetic and energetic parameters of carob wastes fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: crabtree effect, ethanol toxicity, and invertase repression

Carob waste is a useful raw material for the second-generation ethanol because 50% of its dry weight is sucrose, glucose, and fructose. To optimize the process, we have studied the influence of the initial concentration of sugars on the fermentation performance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. With initial sugar concentrations (S0) of 20 g/l, the yeasts were derepressed and the ethanol produced during the exponential phase was consumed in a diauxic phase. The rate of ethanol consumption decreased with increasing S0 and disappeared at 250 g/l when the Crabtree effect was complete and almost all the sugar consumed was transformed into ethanol with a yield factor of 0.42 g/g. Sucrose hydrolysis was delayed at high S0 because of glucose repression of invertase synthesis, which was triggered at concentrations above 40 g/l. At S0 higher than 250 g/l, even when glucose had been exhausted, sucrose was hydrolyzed very slowly, probably due to an inhibition at this low water activity. Although with lower metabolic rates and longer times of fermentation, 250 g/l is considered the optimal initial concentration because it avoids the diauxic consumption of ethanol and maintains enough invertase activity to consume all the sucrose, and also avoids the inhibitions due to lower water activities at higher S0.Project Alfaetilico, as part of the Portuguese National Program QREN-POAlgarve21info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Disengagement of visual attention in infancy is associated with emerging autism in toddlerhood

Background: Early emerging characteristics of visual orienting have been associated with a wide range of typical and atypical developmental outcomes. In the current study, we examined the development of visual disengagement in infants at risk for autism. Methods: We measured the efficiency of disengaging from a central visual stimulus to orient to a peripheral one in a cohort of 104 infants with and without familial risk for autism by virtue of having an older sibling with autism. Results: At 7 months of age, disengagement was not robustly associated with later diagnostic outcomes. However, by 14 months, longer latencies to disengage in the subset of the risk group later diagnosed with autism was observed relative to other infants at risk and the low-risk control group. Moreover, between 7 months and 14 months, infants who were later diagnosed with autism at 36 months showed no consistent increases in the speed and flexibility of visual orienting. However, the latter developmental effect also characterized those infants who exhibited some form of developmental concerns (but not meeting criteria for autism) at 36 months. Conclusions: Infants who develop autism or other developmental concerns show atypicality in the development of visual attention skills from the first year of life

Use of mental health services by children with mental disorders in two major cities in Brazil

Objective: The study examined lifetime use of mental health services among children diagnosed as having mental disorders in two major cities in Brazil and identified characteristics associated with unmet need. Methods: The data were collected as part of the High Risk Cohort Study, a community study conducted in Sao Paulo and Porto Alegre, Brazil. During the period from 2010 to 2011, a total of 2,511 children ages 6 to 12 were assessed, and 652 were given a diagnosis of at least one mental disorder. The current study analyzed data for a subsample of 651 children with complete information on use of mental health services. Results: Eighty-one percent of the children with mental disorders had not received mental health treatment in the past. The majority who received treatment were treated with psychotherapy or a combination of psychotherapy and medication. Mixed-race children were significantly more likely to have unmet need for treatment, compared with white children. Conclusions: The high rate of unmet need among children with mental disorders should be addressed with strategies to improve access to health care

Mortality and Causes of Death After Liver Transplantation: Analysis of Sex Differences in a Large Nationwide Cohort

In the last few years, several studies have analyzed sex and gender differences in liver transplantation (LT), but none have performed a disaggregated analysis of both mortality and causes of death. Data from 15,998 patients, 11,914 (74.5%) males and 4,069 (25.5%) females, transplanted between 2000 and 2016 were obtained from the Liver Transplantation Spanish Registry. Survival analysis was applied to explore recipient sex as a risk factor for death. The causes of death at different follow-up duration were disaggregated by recipient sex for analysis. Short-term survival was higher in males, whereas long-term survival was higher in females. Survival at 1, 5 and 10 years post-transplant was 87.43%, 73.83%, and 61.23%, respectively, in males and 86.28%, 74.19%, and 65.10%, respectively, in females (p = 0.05). Post-LT mortality related to previous liver disease also presented sex differences. Males had 37% increased overall mortality from acute liver failure (p = 0.035) and 37% from HCV-negative cirrhosis (p < 0.001). Females had approximately 16% increased mortality when the liver disease was HCV-positive cirrhosis (p = 0.003). Regarding causes of death, non-malignancy HCV+ recurrence (6.3% vs. 3.9% of patients; p < 0.001), was more frequently reported in females. By contrast, death because of malignancy recurrence (3.9% vs. 2.2% of patients; p = 0.003) and de novo malignancy (4.8% vs. 2.5% of patients; p < 0.001) were significantly more frequent in male recipients. Cardiovascular disease, renal failure, and surgical complications were similar in both. In summary, male patients have lower short-term mortality than females but higher long-term and overall mortality. In addition, the post-LT mortality risk related to previous liver disease and the causes of mortality differ between males and females

Utilisation and costs of mental health-related service use among adolescents

BACKGROUND: The high level of care needs for adolescents with mental health conditions represents a challenge to the public sector, especially in low and middle-income countries. We estimated the costs to the public purse of health, education, criminal justice and social care service use associated with psychiatric conditions among adolescents in Brazil; and examined whether the trajectory of psychopathology and its impact on daily life, and parental stigma towards mental illness, was associated with service utilisation and costs. METHODS: Data on reported service use among adolescents from a prospective community cohort (n = 1,400) were combined with Brazilian unit costs. Logistic regression and generalised linear models were used to examine factors associated with service use and associated costs, respectively. RESULTS: Twenty-two percent of those who presented with a psychiatric disorder used some type of service for their mental health in the previous twelve months. Higher odds of service use were associated with having a diagnosed mental disorder (either incident, [OR = 2.49, 95%CI = 1.44–4.30, p = 0.001], remittent [OR = 2.16, 95%CI = 1.27–3.69, p = 0.005] or persistent [OR = 3.01, 95%CI = 1.69–5.36, p<0.001]), higher impact of symptoms on adolescent’s life (OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.19–1.47, p<0.001) and lower parental stigma toward mental illness (OR = 1.12, 95%CI = 1.05–1.20, p = 0.001). Average annual cost of service use was 527.14 USD (s.d. = 908.10). Higher cost was associated with higher disorder impact (β = 0.25, 95%CI = 0.12–0.39, p<0.001), lower parental stigma (β = 0.12, 95%CI = 0.02–0.23, p = 0.020) and white ethnicity (β = 0.55, 95%CI = 0.04–1.07, p = 0.036). CONCLUSION: The impact of mental health problems on adolescents’ daily lives and parental stigmatising attitudes toward mental illness were the main predictors of both service use and costs

MODELOS PREDICTIVOS DE BIOMASA AÉREA DE Eucalyptus grandis PARA EL NORESTE DE ARGENTINA

Different industrial, environmental and energy interests have led, in recent years, the analysis of different possibilities for utilization of forest biomass is gaining an increasing role, so that quantification of the biomass from these forest systems is an essential first and an unavoidable step. The aim of this study was to develop models which allow estimate the biomass of different compartments of Eucalyptus grandis trees. To do this 41 trees from stands of different ages were employed, between 4 and 32 years, located in the NE region of Argentina. Twenty three (23) trees were felled in the North and High area of Mission (Zone 1) and eighteen 18 in Southern Misiones and Corrientes NE (Zone 2). The Biomass was determined from leaves, branches less than 5 cm, branches larger than 5 cm, branches total, stem and tree totals biomass. For the models fitting were taken several independent variables, diameter at breast height (dbh), total tree height (h), the product (dap2 * h) and the dummy variable (zone). In the case of the biomass branches and leaves, because the results achieved were not satisfactory with the use of these variables, we examined models that add the site index, spacing factor, diameter at the base of green crown (dbgc), height to green crown base (hgcb), length of green crown (lgc), the cross-sectional area of sapwood at the base of the green crown (c Sap bgc) and different combinations of these variables. The models were selected based on coefficient of determination and mean square error. For biomass of branches smaller than 5 cm, branches larger than 5 cm, branches total, stem and total biomass of the tree, the best performing models were those which incorporated as explanatory variables, the diameter at breast height, the total tree height and the “dummy” variable (zone). For biomass of leaves the variables age, basal area and number of trees per hectare improved the estimate. The coefficients of determination for the model of the total tree and stem biomass was 0.99, for the total of branches was 0.83 for branches smaller than 5 cm 0.69, for branches larger than 5 cm gave 0.53 and was 0.65 for leaves. It is recommended to increase the database for the purpose of trying to improve predictions of biomass of leaves and branches.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509819611Diferentes intereses industriales, energéticos y ambientales han motivado el análisis de las distintas posibilidades de aprovechamiento de la biomasa forestal, este tema está adquiriendo un creciente protagonismo, por lo que la cuantificación de la biomasa aérea de estos sistemas forestales constituye un primer paso fundamental e ineludible. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar modelos que permitan estimar la biomasa de los diferentes compartimentos aéreos de Eucalyptus grandis. Para ello se emplearon datos de 41 árboles provenientes de rodales de diferentes edades, entre 4 y 32 años, ubicados en la región NE de Argentina. Se tomaron 23 individuos ubicados en la Zona Norte y Alta de Misiones (zona 1) y 18 en el Sur de Misiones y NE de Corrientes (zona 2). Se determinó la biomasa de hojas, ramas menores a 5 cm, ramas mayores a 5 cm, total de ramas, fuste y biomasa total del árbol. Para el ajuste de modelos se tomaron diversas variables independientes, el diámetro a la altura de pecho (dap), la altura total del árbol (h), el producto (dap2*h) y la variable “dummy” (zona). Para el caso de la biomasa de ramas y de hojas, debido a que no se lograron resultados satisfactorios con el empleo de estas variables, se examinaron modelos que adicionaban índice de sitio, factor de espaciamiento, diámetro en la base de la copa verde (dbcv), altura hasta la base de la copa verde (hbcv), longitud de copa verde (lcv), el área transversal de albura en la base de copa verde (g Alb bcv) y diferentes combinaciones de estas variables. Los modelos fueron seleccionados en base al coeficiente de determinación y el error cuadrático medio. Para la biomasa de ramas menores a 5 cm, ramas mayores a 5 cm, total de ramas, fuste y total, los mejores modelos fueron los que incorporaron como variables regresoras, el diámetro a la altura de pecho, la altura total del árbol y la variable “dummy” (zona). Para la biomasa de hojas, las variables, edad, área basal y número de árboles por hectárea permitieron mejorar la estimación. Los coeficientes de determinación para los modelos de biomasa total y de fuste fueron de 0,99, para el total de ramas fue de 0,83, para ramas menores a 5 cm 0,69, para ramas mayores de 5 cm 0,53 y 0,65 para hojas. Se recomienda incrementar la base de datos a los efectos de intentar mejorar las predicciones de biomasa de hojas y ramas

REGIONAL PREDICTION MODELS FOR THE ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS ESTIMATION OF Eucalyptus grandis IN NORTHEASTERN ARGENTINA

Diferentes intereses industriales, energ\ue9ticos y ambientales han motivado el an\ue1lisis de las distintas posibilidades de aprovechamiento de la biomasa forestal, este tema est\ue1 adquiriendo un creciente protagonismo, por lo que la cuantificaci\uf3n de la biomasa a\ue9rea de estos sistemas forestales constituye un primer paso fundamental e ineludible. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar modelos que permitan estimar la biomasa de los diferentes compartimentos a\ue9reos de Eucalyptus grandis . Para ello se emplearon datos de 41 \ue1rboles provenientes de rodales de diferentes edades, entre 4 y 32 a\uf1os, ubicados en la regi\uf3n NE de Argentina. Se tomaron 23 individuos ubicados en la Zona Norte y Alta de Misiones (zona 1) y 18 en el Sur de Misiones y NE de Corrientes (zona 2). Se determin\uf3 la biomasa de hojas, ramas menores a 5 cm, ramas mayores a 5 cm, total de ramas, fuste y biomasa total del \ue1rbol. Para el ajuste de modelos se tomaron diversas variables independientes, el di\ue1metro a la altura de pecho (dap), la altura total del \ue1rbol (h), el producto (dap2*h) y la variable \u201cdummy\u201d (zona). Para el caso de la biomasa de ramas y de hojas, debido a que no se lograron resultados satisfactorios con el empleo de estas variables, se examinaron modelos que adicionaban \uedndice de sitio, factor de espaciamiento, di\ue1metro en la base de la copa verde (dbcv), altura hasta la base de la copa verde (hbcv), longitud de copa verde (lcv), el \ue1rea transversal de albura en la base de copa verde (g Alb bcv) y diferentes combinaciones de estas variables. Los modelos fueron seleccionados en base al coeficiente de determinaci\uf3n y el error cuadr\ue1tico medio. Para la biomasa de ramas menores a 5 cm, ramas mayores a 5 cm, total de ramas, fuste y total, los mejores modelos fueron los que incorporaron como variables regresoras, el di\ue1metro a la altura de pecho, la altura total del \ue1rbol y la variable \u201cdummy\u201d (zona). Para la biomasa de hojas, las variables, edad, \ue1rea basal y n\ufamero de \ue1rboles por hect\ue1rea permitieron mejorar la estimaci\uf3n. Los coeficientes de determinaci\uf3n para los modelos de biomasa total y de fuste fueron de 0,99, para el total de ramas fue de 0,83, para ramas menores a 5 cm 0,69, para ramas mayores de 5 cm 0,53 y 0,65 para hojas. Se recomienda incrementar la base de datos a los efectos de intentar mejorar las predicciones de biomasa de hojas y ramas.Different industrial, environmental and energy interests have led, in recent years, to the analysis of different possibilities for utilization of forest biomass is gaining an increasing role, so that quantification of the biomass from these forest systems is an essential first and an unavoidable step. The aim of this study was to develop models which allow estimate the biomass of different compartments of Eucalyptus grandis trees. To do this 41 trees from stands of different ages were employed, between 4 and 32 years, located in the NE region of Argentina. Twenty three (23) trees were felled in the North and High area of Mission (Zone 1) and eighteen 18 in Southern Misiones and Corrientes NE (Zone 2). The Biomass was determined from leaves, branches less than 5 cm, branches larger than 5 cm, branches total, stem and tree totals biomass. For the models fitting were taken several independent variables, diameter at breast height (dbh), total tree height (h), the product (dap2 * h) and the dummy variable (zone). In the case of the biomass branches and leaves, because the results achieved were not satisfactory with the use of these variables, there were examined models that add the site index, spacing factor, diameter at the base of green crown (dbgc), height to green crown base (hgcb), length of green crown (lgc), the cross-sectional area of sapwood at the base of the green crown (c Sap bgc) and different combinations of these variables. The models were selected based on coefficient of determination and mean square error. For biomass of branches smaller than 5 cm, branches larger than 5 cm, branches total, stem and total biomass of the tree, the best performing models were those which incorporated as explanatory variables, the diameter at breast height, the total tree height and the \u201cdummy\u201d variable (zone). For biomass of leaves the variables age, basal area and number of trees per hectare improved the estimate. The coefficients of determination for the model of the total tree and stem biomass was 0.99, for the total of branches was 0.83 for branches smaller than 5 cm 0.69, for branches larger than 5 cm gave 0.53 and was 0.65 for leaves. It is recommended to increase the database for the purpose of trying to improve predictions of biomass of leaves and branches

Autoregulatory loop of nuclear corepressor 1 expression controls invasion, tumor growth, and metastasis

Nuclear corepressor 1 (NCoR) associates with nuclear receptors and other transcription factors leading to transcriptional repression. We show here that NCoR depletion enhances cancer cell invasion and increases tumor growth and metastatic potential in nude mice. These changes are related to repressed transcription of genes associated with increased metastasis and poor prognosis in patients. Strikingly, transient NCoR silencing leads to heterochromatinization and stable silencing of the NCoR gene, suggesting that NCoR loss can be propagated, contributing to tumor progression even in the absence of NCoR gene mutations. Down-regulation of the thyroid hormone receptor β1 (TRβ) appears to be associated with cancer onset and progression. We found that expression of TRβ increases NCoR levels and that this induction is essential in mediating inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis by this receptor. Moreover, NCoR is down-regulated in human hepatocarcinomas and in the more aggressive breast cancer tumors, and its expression correlates positively with that of TRβ. These data provide a molecular basis for the anticancer actions of this corepressor and identify NCoR as a potential molecular target for development of novel cancer therapiesThis work was supported by Grants BFU2011-28058 and BFU2014-53610-P from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Grant S2011/BMD-2328 from the Comunidad de Madrid; Grant RD12/0036/0030 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (to A.A.); Grants PI080971 and RD12 0036/0064 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (to J.P.); and Grant PI12/00386 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (to I.I.d.C.). O.A.M.-I. is supported by an Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer contrac

Development and validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale (RIBS-BP)

The object of the study was to translate and validate the Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale (RIBS) into Brazilian Portuguese. A native Brazilian speaker fluent in English translated the RIBS into Brazilian Portuguese. Comprehensibility and face validity were assessed through discussions with mental health professionals and volunteers recruited from the community. Brazilian Portuguese version of the questionnaire was back-translated into English by another Brazilian researcher fluent in English and the researcher who developed the original RIBS was consulted to check the adequacy of the questionnaire translation, and approved the final translated version. RIBS-BP was administered to 1,357 caregivers from a community-based cohort. Internal consistency and factor loading were assessed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Differential item functioning was examined using Multiple Indicator Multiple Causes for subgroups of gender, socioeconomic status, and caregiver education. To assess external validity, we examined whether responses in RIBS-BP varied among these subgroups, considering respondents’ previous contact with people with mental illness. CFA fit indices were good to excellent (root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.07; 90% confidence interval, CI [0.04, 0.10]; comparative fit index [CFI] = 1.00; Tucker-Lewis Index [TLI] = 1.00). All loadings were above 0.4 (0.73 to 0.89), indicating that intended behavior items are related to the same unidimensional latent factor. In the latent model, higher socioeconomic status was associated with less intended stigma-related behavior (β = 0.20, p <.001), adjusted for education and gender. RIBS-BP has good internal consistency, demonstrate measurement invariance among subgroups, and appears to be a valid measure of stigma, representing a suitable tool to assess reported and intended stigma-related behaviors in Brazil. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved

The impact of child psychiatric conditions on future educational outcomes among a community cohort in Brazil

Aims. Mental health problems early in life can negatively impact educational attainment, which in turn have negative long-term effects on health, social and economic opportunities. Our aims were to: (i) estimate the impacts of different types of psychiatric conditions on educational outcomes and (ii) to estimate the proportion of adverse educational outcomes which can be attributed to psychiatric conditions. Methods. Participants (N = 2511) were from a school-based community cohort of Brazilian children and adolescents aged 6–14 years enriched for high family risk of psychiatric conditions. We examined the impact of fear- (panic, separation and social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, agoraphobia and anxiety conditions not otherwise specified), distress- (generalised anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder and depressive disorder not otherwise specified, bipolar, obsessive-compulsive, tic, eating and post-traumatic stress disorder) and externalising- related conditions (attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, conduct and oppositional- defiant conditions) on grade repetition, dropout, age-grade distortion, literacy performance and bullying perpetration, 3 years later. Psychiatric conditions were ascertained by psychiatrists, using the Development and Well-Being Behaviour Assessment. Propensity score and inverse probability weighting were used to adjust for potential confounders, including comorbidity, and sample attrition. We calculated the population attributable risk percentages to estimate the proportion of adverse educational outcomes in the population which could be attributed to psychiatric conditions. Analyses were conducted separately for males and females. Results. Fear and distress conditions in males were associated with school dropout (odds ratio (OR) = 2.76; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06, 7.22; p < 0.05) and grade repetition (OR = 2.76; 95% CI = 1.32, 5.78; p < 0.01), respectively. Externalising conditions were associated with grade repetition in males (OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.05, 2.64; p < 0.05) and females (OR = 2.03; 95% CI = 1.15, 3.58; p < 0.05), as well as age-grade distortion in males (OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.05, 2.62; p < 0.05) and females (OR = 2.88; 95% CI = 1.61, 5.14; p < 0.001). Externalising conditions were also associated with lower literacy levels (β = −0.23; 95% CI = −0.34, −0.12; p < 0.001) and bullying perpetration (OR = 3.12; 95% CI = 1.50, 6.51; p < 0.001) in females. If all externalising conditions were prevented or treated, we estimate that 5.0 and 4.8% of grade repetition would not have occurred in females and males, respectively, as well as 10.2 (females) and 5.3% (males) of age-grade distortion cases and 11.4% of female bullying perpetration. Conclusions. The study provides evidence of the negative impact of psychiatric conditions on educational outcomes in a large Brazilian cohort. Externalising conditions had the broadest and most robust negative impacts on education and these were particularly harmful to females which are likely to limit future socio-economic opportunities